Order in Society - 1253 Words

Keeping order in any society depends fundamentally on a police force to enforce laws and punish transgressors. However, a constant problem cities face has been not only ensuring that policemen do not abuse the power and authority they are given, but that no personal bias enters into their work. Police brutality against citizens involves the use of excessive force when physical action is unnecessary, and it springs from factors such as the race, religion, and socioeconomic status of civilians. Misconduct and violence by the police can occur during protests and demonstrations, or everyday encounters with citizens. Much of the police brutality in the last few decades of American history can be identified to be dependent on racial factors,†¦show more content†¦While these type of protests against racism were common in the 1960s, it is rare to hear of such anti-racist demonstrations today, equaling less opportunities for police misconduct. Added to the decline of racist tendencie s among Americans, police brutality due to racism has understandably taken a steep nosedive, and will continue to do so in the future. In contrast, police violence due to apparent economic status is sharply on the rise in the United States. Citizens are more concerned than ever about income inequality. As economic disparity becomes more of a social topic and people feel strongly internally about such issues, Americans protest more. These protests, demonstrations and marches are more opportunities for police brutality. The motivation for this violence and misconduct can be seen in the previously mentioned Harvard study, which shows that increased class conscience among middle and upper class Americans leads to a strong decline in empathy for the poor. The Occupy Wall Street Movement, for example, was a financially-motivated protest started by anti-consumerist protesters who called themselves â€Å"the 99%†. During the Occupy Wall Street Movement, although protesters marched pe acefully, inexcusable incidents of police violence were carried out. Pepper spray was used liberally, decorated war veterans were shot, skulls were fractured, womenShow MoreRelatedBirth Order And Its Impact On Society1344 Words   |  6 Pagesis the role birth order has on their personalities and lives. Is birth order necessarily important? Does it honestly affect our personalities? Birth order has been controversial issue since biblical times for example Cain and Abel and Jacob and Esau. Psychologists have a lot of assumptions about how that individual behaves and responds to life whenever a person is a first born, middle child, youngest child, or only child. The questions remains, what difference does birth order make, and how trueRead MoreSocial Order And Its Effect On Society1386 Words   |  6 PagesEvery day social order is taken for granted. Social order is related to social realities, which are shared expectations about a chain of events, the types of people involved and associated behaviors and feelings (O’Brien, 2011). It is not until someone violates these realities and interactional routines that they recognize the difference and become aware. For this reason, during the 1950s, Harold Garfinkel developed the breaching experiment; a breaching experiment is an activity used in social scienceRead MoreSocial Orders And Its Effects On Society Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pageslike or where we originate from. Individuals have constantly realized that imbalance is divisive, socially destructive and comprised of multiple dimension. However, societies acceptance of inequality has developed a false sense of reality regarding equality, what is amazing, now that we have the information to think about social orders, is the way clear the impacts of imbalance are. 21st Century variations of systemic inequality echo’s inequalities of the past. Fifty years after the march onRead MoreGender Roles in Odysseus Order of Society929 Words   |  4 Pagesessential part in Homeric society. Book 1 sees Telemachos’ interaction with his mother Penelope that is again repeated in a few more scenes, which put emphasis on gender role in an ideal Homeric society. However, book 7 reveals an action that goes against the principles of gender role during the interaction between Odysseus and Arete. While there exists complexity in the ways women are treated, whether by them being confined or by exercising minimal power, the Homeric society ultimately remains a maleRead MoreThe Crusades And Its Impact On Society And Military Order963 Words   |  4 Pagespeople may consider the creation of the Templars and Hospitalers as a positive that came out of these Crusades. These two groups were created to help protect and aid the people of different cities. Both groups also had positive effects on society and military order which helped th e Crusades with their victories. With all that being said it all flipped flopped to the other side during the thirteenth and fourteenth century. Starting in the thirteenth century the focus of the Crusades switched dramaticallyRead MoreThe Need for Education in Order to be Successful in the American Society2256 Words   |  9 PagesThe need for education in order to be successful in the American society has increased dramatically over the past century. Even more so, the type of education needed has changed decade from decade. Unfortunately, the school system hasn’t been keeping pace, and a system based in the 1920’s isn’t getting the job done. Policies created to crutch the failing system aren’t doing their job efficiently to keep up with the demands and changes in society. Over 54,000,000 children are enrolled in some schoolingRead MoreOrder In A Civic Society Is Kept By A Great Many Agents1733 Words   |  7 PagesOrder in a civic society is kept by a great many agents; its political and cultural institutions, popular recognition of a sovereign authority, and security from foreign or domestic attack. Yet, the pursuit of one’s self-interest is not among the most traditionally cited examples. Its effect is indeed ambiguous; will it cause officials serving the people to corrupt the State or preserve it all the same? The political theorists Niccolà ² Machiavelli in The Discourses on Livy and Thomas Hobbes in LeviathanRead MoreEducation : A New Social Order For A Better Society And World Is More Important Than Ever Before Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pages(Grant Gillette, 2006). In today’s society I believe that using education to create a better society and world is more important than ever before. Currently, there are many marginalized groups that face countless issues every day. These issues begin as young as elementary school which is why I will use my platform as a teacher to address the issues through social reconstructionism. Like Counts said in his book, Dare the School Build a New Social Order?, â€Å"[t]he teaching profession†¦should eagerlyR ead MoreA Talk On The Paradox Of Education By James Baldwin809 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents are taught the true meaning of American history and identity must be established in order to create a society where people of all races contribute their ideals to society. Moreover, Baldwin implements a paradox where he addresses the contradiction of American education as one having to think for oneself and create your own ideals while still having to conform to the ideals being taught at school in order to demonstrate that the educational system is faulty and it must be changed; so all peopleRead MoreMilton Friedman s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government1530 Words   |  7 PagesSocieties are constantly evolving and reinventing themselves in order to keep up with the demands of the governed. Contesting ideas about what would improve a given society versus harm it often clash and lead to new debates, expanding the realm of issues that must be addressed. Therefore, what constitutes a good society is largely a moral question; for example, while some may value income equality as being one of the hallmarks of a fair and just society, others may view competition as a necessary

Analysis Of The Movie 500 Days Of Summer - 1136 Words

500 Days of Summer Breaking traditional conventions of film creates a unique, thought provoking experience for the viewer. It is this originality that interests and captivates the viewer. Marc Webb’s ‘500 Days of Summer’ does exactly this through the films non-linear narrative, reversal of gender stereo types and the distortion of time in the film. Webb’s film breaks customs and challenges traditions of contemporary film making. ‘500 Days Of Summer’ breaks filmmaking tradition and distorts time through its non-linear narrative and references to both the 1960’s and 200’s. Emerging in 2009, ‘500 Days Of Summer’ rose through many blockbuster films such as ‘Harry Potter’, ‘Twilight’, ‘Sherlock Holmes’ and Avatar; all grossing at an average of $2050,0410,95. While this was a time of experimentation with film, such as James Cameron’s use of motion capture filming techniques, XpanD3d (visual solutions integration) and stereoscopic filming in ‘Avatar’, ‘500 Days Of Summer’ was among the few successful mainstream films with a non-linear narrative. The film begins at the end of Tom and Summer’s (the main protagonists) relationship. Webb then guides the viewer through a journey of the relationship and the 500 days that Tom spent with Summer. This unique take on story telling is aided by the narration of Tom, as he retells the story in hindsight. This creates a double perspective for the audience and was uncommon in film at the time. Webb also challenges film making conventionsShow MoreRelatedScript Analysis Of ( 500 ) Days Of Summer 765 Words   |  4 PagesScript Analysis - â€Å"(500) Days of Summer† (500) Days of Summer is a film directed by Marc Webb. This film is about Tom, a lovesick romantic who is blinded side when Summer, the love of his life, dumps him. He falls in love with her. But she doesn’t fall in love with him. He shifts back and forth through various periods of their 500 days â€Å"together† to try to figure out where things went wrong. For the most part, Webb was successful in translating the emotion of the script to the motion picture. EachRead MoreScript Analysis Of ( 500 ) Days Of Summer 1018 Words   |  5 PagesScript Analysis - â€Å"(500) Days of Summer† (500) Days of Summer is a film directed by Marc Webb. This film is about Tom, a lovesick romantic who is blind sided when Summer, the love of his life, dumps him. He falls in love with her. But she doesn’t fall in love with him. He shifts back and forth through various periods of their 500 days together to try to figure out where things went wrong. For the most part, Webb was successful in translating the emotion of the script to the motion picture. ThisRead MoreEssay about Netflix competitive analysis503 Words   |  3 Pages Competitive Analysis Blockbuster Inc. and Movie Gallery are currently the two strongest competitors in the market, and therefore pose the biggest threats to Netflix. Amazon, Intelliflicks, and Cleanfilms are all present in the market, but don’t possess enough force at this time to be considered a threat to Netflix. Blockbuster As of right now, Blockbuster is the biggest competitive threat to Netflix. Blockbuster was incorporated in 1989 in Delaware and is a major renter of home videocassettes, DVDsRead MoreExploring A Career Within Entertainment Management1483 Words   |  6 Pagesfit. The elements investigated include job responsibilities, skills for success, and an overview of the industry. Also included in the research is a discussion of professional organizations, industry publications, career opportunities, and a self-analysis. This research is based on textbooks, academic articles, journals, and an interview with an industry professional. Job Responsibilities Those with a background in entertainment management might take on different roles within the hospitality andRead MoreAsus Asignment1085 Words   |  5 Pagesremains within a budget of $500-$750k Product amp; Packaging Strategy PRODUCT Continue to invest in Ramp;D, ensuring consistency in producing innovative and high quality products. only 18% of the target market thought ASUS products. Media costs avg salary for social media coordinator is $46,000 a year works to preserve brand awareness and customer appreciation Online Advertising Costs YouTube $1000/day budget $0.05/view bidding price Forecasts between 40,000-200,000 views per day Commerical ProductionRead MoreCompany History : Walt Disney Company1692 Words   |  7 Pagesadult centric resorts such as Disney’s Yacht Club Resort right on the site of Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. In regards to their Media Networks, many films and TV shows are promoted for teens, even in their titles alone, such as Teen Beach Movie and High School Musical. ABC Family is a United States television programming service that targets viewers in the 14-34 demographic, who are considered young adult millennials. Another media outlet is the Disney Channel which attracts a key audiencesRead MoreHotel Feasibility Study Report5891 Words   |  24 Pagesfrom the government police. It could show the reader a complete understanding of the new business and a clear analysis of the business will face in the targeted area. In the following report, it will illustrate the feasibility study of Royal Docklands Hotel in Dockland, Melbourne through the market supply and demand, target segments, proposed production, room rate, financial analysis and recommendations. B. Current supply amp; demand levels * Docklands is the developing areas, currentlyRead MoreHotel Casino Analysis15841 Words   |  64 PagesCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectors Prepared for: U.S. EPA CHP Partnership December 2005 Prepared by: Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. www.eea-inc.com For more information about the EPA CHP Partnership, please visit: www.epa.gov/chp or email: chp@epa.gov. For more information about ENERGY STAR for the hospitality industry, please visit: www.energystar.gov/hospitality. CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectors Note: This report was initially released in DecemberRead MoreRecommendations for Nike2618 Words   |  11 Pagesinclude sports into their everyday life. Nike has attained a leading role in almost every one of the upcoming world wide sporting events, such as the 2012 Olympics, the 2012 Soccer Euro Cup, the NFL Superbowl, the 2014 Soccer World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Therefore the time is now for Nike to embed their customers and the fans of these major sporting events in the experience through their new technology. The Nike+ technology in Nikes footwear products, that tracks informationRead MoreBrand Perception Case Study: Kazo Fashion Limited7843 Words   |  32 Pagesï » ¿ 1 SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT 2010 SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON KAZO FASHION LTD. Analyzing Brand Perception And Accordingly Suggesting Various Feasible Effective Marketing Activities To Boost Sales. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the two year Post Graduate Programme (PGP). Submitted by ABHISHEK KUMAR Roll No. PG20095410 Batch: 2009-2011 IILM INSTITUTE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION ANALYZING BRAND PERCEPTION AND

The Ultimate Goal Of Headspace Organization Of Australia - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ultimate Goal Of Headspace Organization Of Australia. Answer: Introduction The lives of the youth ranging between 15-24 years will be asserted by suicide which is considered to be main cause of their death. The ultimate goal of headspace organization of Australia is to provide the primary nature profile of youngsters for wellness administration in various emotional research. Headspace can be considered to be very generous and management of young grownups by various emotional wellness (Aghaee, 2013). This project mainly emphasizes on project base, system base and user base and it mainly consists of additional requirement which is needed for the execution of the given organization that is headspace. Project Vision: Description of problem The ultimate problem for the treatment of youth will be on focusing the casual data and human service experts (Kowalenko, 2009). Casualties is generally required by various experts for analyzing the diseases and recording the experiences of the various experts (Bryant et al., 2011). Understanding the condition of the individual will be restless for the various youngster and this is seen that one of the experts will be favorable for contacting with the various treatment of sickness. Capabilities of General System Framework of this technique will have certain scopes which will be required for its successfulness. It mainly stresses on successful storing of casualties and stories and catch. Benefits of the Business Headspace organization will be aware of the various business risks which is mainly required for building various system information. It mainly blocks the access to unauthorized data which is mainly gathered form outside. It also checks the authorized access to data from the various human service expert. Useful Supplies for System wide The user management will be organized by the default structure of organization (Kowalenko, 2009). The structure of viewing records, structure of association with the entered data must be authorized. Record will consist of various branch, division, and authorized unit (Bryant et al., 2011). Cloud technology will be helpful in transferring logical information from the point of reporting solution (Davenport, Scott Hermens, 2014). Various paths of cloud information will do not have entrance setting and which ultimately implies that information given is limited. Quality of System The sources of cloud information are described below: Access and focus on work for analyzing the technique of Data source design. The source will new cloud data technology must be clicked. In many ways information cloud sources will allow the various ID characteristics. The ultimate way of getting into the cloud data will mainly compromise of ID, Description, Name and Usage. The access right will be gathered by part name and asset utilization. Usability The way of undertaking conveyance, execution of venture and adaptation will mainly change as per the requirement of the client (Kowalenko, 2009). Working with useful components will be conveyed in general. The output of each stage will be arranged at the very first stage. Now if there is any of chance of light foot administration then there is dependency of the various degrees and changes made in the calendar. Reliability Various system which mainly concentrated to give structure to for upgrading the collective programming. The best system was built in the year 1990 and that is again used by various engineers for checking the various efficiency strategies like arrangement driven and top down. This is generally attached with the inline of the building and aims in upgradation of programming which will take various business stream. Putting stress on exercise which will ultimately decide the value of various programming. Performance For attaining better programming and support from individuals, deceleration of agile software development is required (Floersch, 2013). Work mainly focuses on collaboration with individual over various event and programming which is achieved through various documentation. Documents will be synchronized through various attempts of programming after the completion of agreement. Support Ability Different practices will be implemented in the rooms which have various shared groups which will provide data spread in the world and fast will help upgrade the client agent and close association (Gutzmann, 2013).. Sticking customarily will help in building programming, different groups of spry and it will ultimately help in managing various complexities of programs and followed by upgradation of fast rehearing. Feature of Requirement PHRs capacity to benefit of people must be checked with their various parental figures and social insurance. PHR emphasizes on the oversaw of various data person. Programming and various equipments will not be worked and secured with clients (Hickie, Scott Glozier, 2014). Cloud administrator suppliers will improvise client so that they can use and get valuable ICT asset through various web application. For getting these asset suppliers will use various suppliers from the cloud. It also checks the limits of accessibility for various information of client and limiting the information preparation (Hickie, Scott Glozier, 2014). Different computing administrator will be provided for utilization and purchasing of organization. Upgradation of different numbers of programming utilization will provide better handling of work and other application of workplace, administration will provide client relationship and network production. Distributed computing services mainly compromises of storage service, internet service, mechanism of google app, Microsoft blue force and sales force. Dependency and Assumption Administrator must have coordinated for improving the passionate youngster, public or psychology through various brilliant procurement. The great dollar must have spent data for the course for more than 30 years (Kay, 2013). In any fact a piece of level will lead to the discussion that data innovation should be acknowledge by various clients. The option client will look for option which will provide disappointment and does work in a wasteful way. In the presentation part it will emphasize on treating will various acknowledge for clients and resisting culmination for implementing execution and arrangement of innovation data. It must attract the various terrorist for usage, outline of innovation, terrorist development. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be stated that strength of computing, application with adjustable data, body sensors and average administrator will improve this type of arrangement (Kay, 2013). Consumers can easily play any device and any form of time they at which they want to get the access the application. Various aspects of new and extra requirement can be gathered for interacting with system and for having reliable connection, Capabilities of different IT for present understanding, capability of overarching system, IT requirement of Headspace, present source of data and time frame will be needed for the execution of project. Agile method in creating awareness and Headspace has been discussed in brief. IT explained in brief the benefits for good project for upgradation of performance, reliability and usability. References Aghaee, N. (2013). Finding potential problems in the thesis process in higher education: Analysis of e-mails to develop a support system. Educ Inf Technol, 20(1), 21-36. Bryant, R., Young, A., Cesario, S., Binder, B. (2011). Transition of Chronically Ill Youth to Adult Health Care: Experience of Youth with Hemoglobinopathy. Journal of Pediatric Health Care,25(5), 275-283. Davenport, T., Scott, E., Hermens, D. (2014). headspace - Australia's innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting?Med J Aust,200(8), 452. Floersch, J. (2013). The Subjective Experience of Youth Psychotropic Treatment.Social Work In Mental Health,1(4), 51-69. Gutzmann, H. (2013). The health care situation of the mentally ill elderly in Germany.Geriatric Mental Health Care,1(1), 20-25. Hickie, I., Scott, E., Glozier, N. (2014). headspace - Australia's innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting?Med J Aust,200(8), 452-454. Kay, M. (2013). Suicide is leading cause of death in young Indian women, finds international study.BMJ,346(mar26 3), f1900-f1900. Kowalenko, N. (2009). Guest Editorial: Children aged 0-5 with a parent who has a mental illness: The need for early intervention.Advances in Mental Health,8(3), 215-221

US Wage Trends Essay Example For Students

US Wage Trends Essay The microeconomic picture of the U.S. has changed immensely since 1973, and the trends are proving to be consistently downward for the nation’s high school graduates and high school dropouts. Of all the reasons given for the wage squeeze international competition, technology, deregulation, the decline of unions and defense cuts technology is probably the most critical. It has favored the educated and the skilled, says M. B. Zuckerman, editor-in-chief of U.S. News World Report (7/31/95). Since 1973, wages adjusted for inflation have declined by about a quarter for high school dropouts, by a sixth for high school graduates, and by about 7% for those with some college education. Only the wages of college graduates are up. Of the fastest growing technical jobs, software engineering tops the list. Carnegie Mellon University reports, recruitment of its software engineering students is up this year by over 20%. All engineering jobs are paying well, proving that highly skilled labor is what employers want! There is clear evidence that the supply of workers in the unskilled labor categories already exceeds the demand for their services, says L. Mishel, Research Director of Welfare Reform Network. In view of these facts, I wonder if these trends are good or bad for society. The danger of the information age is that while in the short run it may be cheaper to replace workers with technology, in the long run it is potentially self-destructive because there will not be enough purchasing power to grow the economy, M. B. Zuckerman. My feeling is that the trend from unskilled labor to highly technical, skilled labor is a good one! Nevertheless, political action must be taken to ensure that this societal evolution is beneficial to all of us. Back in 1970, a high school diploma could still be a ticket to the middle-income bracket, a nice car in the driveway and a house in the suburbs. Today all it gets is a clunker parked on the street, and a dingy apartment in a low ren t building, says Time Magazine (Jan 30, 1995 issue). However, in 1970, our government provided our children with a free education, allowing the vast majority of our population to earn a high school diploma. This means that anyone, regardless of family income, could be educated to a level that would allow him or her a comfortable place in the middle class. Even restrictions upon child labor hours kept children in school, since they are not allowed to work full time while under the age of 18. This government policy was conducive to our economic markets, and allowed our country to prosper from 1950 through 1970. Now, our own prosperity has moved us into a highly technical world, which requires highly skilled labor. The natural answer to this problem is that the U.S. Government’s education policy must keep pace with the demands of the highly technical job market. If a middle class income of 1970 required a high school diploma, and the middle class income of 1990 requires a colleg e diploma, then it should be as easy for the children of the 90’s to get a college diploma, as it was for the children of the 70’s to get a high school diploma. This brings me to the issue of our country’s political process, in a technologically advanced world. Voting Poisoned Political Process in The U.S. We will write a custom essay on US Wage Trends specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The advance of mass communication is natural in a technologically advanced society. In our country’s short history, we have seen the development of the printing press, the radio, the television, and now the Internet; all of these, able to reach millions of people. Equally natural, is the poisoning and corruption of these medias, to benefit a few. From the 1950’s until today, television has been the preferred media. Because it captures the minds of most Americans, it is the preferred method of persuasion by political figures, multinational corporate advertising, and the upper 2% of the elite, who have an interest in controlling public opinion. Newspapers and radio experienced this same history, but are now somewhat obsolete in the science of changing public opinion. Though I do not suspect television to become completely obsolete within the next 20 years, I do

Live Liver Donation essays

Live Liver Donation essays Live Liver Donation Living liver donation is a relatively new phenomenon. The first procedure was performed in 1989 with adult-to-adult donations starting in 1995. In this report I would like to explore the assessment and procedure of live liver donation, the risks and effects, and the direction it is taking medicine in the future. The very nature of taking part of a living persons liver and implanting it into another person is cause for questions and curiosity. One might want to know what the long-term effects on a living liver donor are. Due to the recency of the procedure, data is not yet available on the long-term effects. Information so far is anecdotal in the sense there has been only one reported death and no published incidents of failing health as a consequence of living donation; there have been no formal studies we are aware of. The limited information on short-term effects suggests complications arising from the surgery are few and manageable. For the most part they are covered by insurance. Policies vary, and some may exclude this procedure as "experimental," so you'll want to check the insurance policy of the transplant recipient. (It is the recipient's policy that pays.) As with kidney donation, there is interest by some members of the general population in making a "non-directed" donation, which is a donation that goes to anyone waiting for a liver transplant. You can contact your local organ procurement organization to see if they have a program. It is also possible to donate to a friend or family member where there is an emotional but not a biological tie. The transplant center will let you know what their policy is concerning such unrelated donation. It is becoming more common to allow such donation, although United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data show this form of donation is still unusual. Facilities performing the procedures cu...

Counterintelligence essays

Counterintelligence essays As far as intelligence organizations, intelligence designates information that is gathered by these governmental agencies and used for purposes of national security and foreign policy. The US Intelligence Community is comprised of sixteen agencies but the total number of security and intelligences agencies is much larger covering an impressive number of possible threats to national security; it included the Central Intelligence Agency CIA an independent organization. Thesis: Intelligence responsibilities need to be shared by multiple agencies because different threats require different approaches; this would also prevent prevailing partisan influences. Intelligence agencies are governmental thus political tools for shaping foreign policy and for homeland protection hence they are subject to the process of specialization. Specialization is a concept which is applied to science; it allows close study of problems and theories; its downside is that it focuses the attention on a single area of study which in turn, limits valid perspectives in other areas which might influence our area of interest. Specialization is needed not only in the academic field but also for its contributions to public discourse and policy1. Intelligence techniques are utilized both during war and peace for a wide range of foreign policy functions, from espionage to political assassination. In the case of public policy making, decision makers apply one instrument in a set of cases based on estimates of likely effects. The governmental function of intelligence agencies are normally shrouded in secrecy. As far as foreign intelligence, it implies understanding past events, analyzing current conditions, and thus attempting to predict the future. This predictability is crucial to intelligence agencies whose mission is to gather information, provide a coherent analysis, and cooperate with other institutions. Some voices are quite critical of the way in...

Business Disaster Recovery Issues and Concepts Research Paper

Business Disaster Recovery Issues and Concepts - Research Paper Example There is the wide range of activities and procedures that come under the head of business disaster recovery like regaining access to communication, data of the business that may be in form of records, hardware, and software; and different other business processes that are lost during the disaster period passed by the business. Business disaster recovery is a plan that is part of a wide and larger process known as â€Å"Business Continuing Process (BCP) Business disaster recovery is a very important process for the businesses and it is very necessary that the organizations must have adequate plans and arrangements for the management for the disaster recovery process. In order to effectively and efficiently manage the business disaster recovery process, there is an essential need for Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP). This plan increases the possibility for the business that they can successfully recover their valuable records and other business operations (Hoffer, Jim, p45, 2001). ... the result of unexpected leaving of key personnel or incidental break up of the communication process with the clients, customers, dealers and other related people (Hoffer, Jim, p45, 2001). Importance of Business Disaster Recovery Management The Disaster Recovery Journal defines the term business disaster recovery as â€Å"the ability of an organization to respond to a disaster or an interruption in services by implementing a disaster recovery plan to stabilize and restore the organization’s critical functions†. Business disaster recovery is a term that is collectively used for all the strategies and activities that are performed by an organization after a disaster in order to regain its routine business patterns and functioning. He further explains that business disaster recovery must be managed through a plan so that there could be great opportunities for the business to restore its assets on yearly basis. Business disaster recovery is a business function that comes und er the umbrella of a wide process â€Å"business continuity planning†. Disaster recovery is linked with the business continuity because disaster recovery also includes the plans and strategies that are done with the intention to keep the business going with its regular ways Issues in Business Disaster Recovery The disasters occur at any unexpected time so an organization must make some arrangements that can prevent the company from facing the disaster situation. These preparations include the arrangements for the system recovery and data storage. Moreover, the safety measures must also be followed in the companies like fire preventions so that in case of fire they can have immediate contact with the fire extinguishers through more alarms and other means.  Ã‚  

Denver art museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Denver art museum - Essay Example One of the paintings which attracted me most during my visit to Denver art museum was the images that depicted both the innocence of childhood and glorious beauty of nature simultaneously. It portrayed two cute girls taking the pleasure of a lovely evening in which one girl’s curious activity entertained the other. This was the representation of the innocence of childhood at its best. Another painting which drew my attention represented the act of reading by a lady whose emotional expression was difficult for anyone to figure out. The lady merely read the book without the emotional reflections in her eyes and it showed the act being taken merely to pass time. At the same time, another painting; a lady reading a book with extreme curiosity and enthusiasm was indeed a contradiction to the other one. The comparison between the two paintings very well represented the various perspectives through which the same action is being performed. Works Cited Denver Art Museum. Aslam, M. Apr il, 9, 2010. Web 11 Feb 2011 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/denver-art-museum.html

What Caused Secession Essay Example for Free

What Caused Secession Essay With no doubt was the secession of the eleven southern states a very important event in our country’s history. Resulting in Civil War, which lasted four years, leaving over one-half million deaths, destruction, and great sectional hatred, has affected our country till today. The great question is what caused the southern states to secede? If slavery truly was the culprit behind this, if it was to what extent was it? Was the person leading our country at the time in fault for southern secession? If any what were other factors? All of these questions are still debated today. Southern believed that slaves were their property, and that they had the right to take them with them. So when they noticed that Lincoln was going to abolish slavery they decided it would be best to secede than not have anything to make money from. After the compromise of 1820 they limited slavery to the south, which would split the country into two for the next forty years. The South would feel that slavery was the best thing for the slave for it gave them something productive to do. The North however as a majority felt slavery as a horrible thing by the cruel ways the slave owners would treat and beat their slaves. There were also those who went and helped free and bring slaves up to the North and also into Canada. (Document 1). Lincoln promising to abolish slavery played a big role on secession. Southerners economy depended on agriculture, and cotton was one of their major crops. So they needed slaves to work in their fields. When they heard that Lincoln would abolish slavery they thought â€Å"If Lincoln were president†¦the Union would be endangered from that hour.† (Document 3). The South started to think that it is â€Å"Better leave the Union in the open face of day, than be lighted from it at midnight by the [arsonist’s] torch.† (Document 2) They also said that â€Å"All citizens of the United States have an equal right to settle with their property in the Territory, without their rights, either of person or property, being†¦impaired†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It opened our eyes to the fact that there were two hostile elements in the country, and that if we allowed slaves to enter any territorial acquisition, our free labor must be excluded from it.† (Document 5) They argued about this for a reasonable time until the south eventually seceded from the south. We really don’t know what really caused secession. Even researchers can’t solidly say what the cause of secession was. But people can infer, and with clues, can have an idea of what caused secession.

Chasing Ghosts :: Personal Narrative Writing

Chasing Ghosts A rather unnatural wind would blow through our town. We used to sit around the Sunday dinner table and recite prayers from the Bible after my mother had cleared the dishes. But first, in silence we would stare at the dark brown swirls of color in the wood, resting our chins on crossed arms. We could hear the grate and grind of metal forks and knives against plates as my mother soaped the dishes in the kitchen. The hiss of the faucet would stop, and after the sound of her cotton apron’s catching on the splintery wall, the apron left hung to dry, she would emerge from the swinging door, the kitchen light flashing like a strobe into the dining room with each swoop of the door’s swing, yawning open then snapping back shut, on and off, on and off. She would seat herself back at the table, her chair complaining with a low creak and moan as she sat. My father, meanwhile, would be off staring into the cornfield, always inspecting those rows that stood at-the-ready, motionless for miles. Would you like to read tonight, Luke? I know this is one of your favorite stories. This was not a question, so much as a command disguised as thrilling proposition. With silent obedience I would thumb to the desired verse, flipping page by page in order to stall for as long as possible. The whole time she would watch me, her head clamped into rigid position as if her graying hair, having pulled itself into a tight bun, had also cinched itself around her neck muscles. After an interminably long interval, she would utter words of salvation and great joy. Thank you Luke. That was wonderfully read. We would transfer ourselves onto the couch by the television. Father Morrissey would be on. Out the corners of my eyes, I would catch patches of light and color throbbing across the screen. I would stare out the window into the silent boredom that would drape itself over the town with every nightfall. My father would catch me, Luke, watch the television, you will not do this Christian family shame, but I knew that he was as indifferent as I was. From past the miles of drab houses and empty fields and speechless crops, I would wait for it, for anything, to come. At night, while our parents slept, my brother and I would talk.

Burning Down the White House

On August 24 1814, during the War of 1812 we traveled from the Atlantic Ocean, into Chesapeake Bay, and on into Washington D. C. . The British Army occupied Washington, D. C. as I and some others set fire to the White House. I was so nervous; I knew it was something I had to do though. It was our commander’s orders to only burn public buildings. This was the first time that a foreign power captured and occupied the United States capital. After we set fire to the buildings we left as quickly as possible.This attack was an act of revenge since the Americans burnt York and the buildings of the Legislative Assembly during the battle of York in 1813. The commander told us that attacking Washington would have a greater political effect than any other states would. It is considered against the civilized laws of war to burn a non-military facility and those Americans not only burned the Parliament but also the Governor’s mansion, private homes, and warehouses. We didn’t know it but, the president’s wife was in the white house. Her name was Dolly Madison, two messengers came in and asked her to leave.She left all of their personal belongings, but she managed to get the cabinet papers and the portrait of George Washington. As we went into the White House we were greeted with a dinner set for forty. We ate and drank until we were full, then we done our job. We destroyed the White House and all of the public places we intended to destroy. The Madison’s had no choice but to leave, and as they left I seen them helplessly watching us demolish their home. I had to keep reminding myself why I was doing this, in an act of revenge because they burnt us down and payback came their way.

Pinoy Youth’s Preference for Kpop Music

Pinoy Youth’s Preference for KPOP (Korean Pop) music: How does it affect their taste for OPM (Original Pilipino Music)? CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This particular research study aims to determine the Pinoy Youth’s Preference for Korean Pop Music and how does it affect their taste for Original Pilipino Music (OPM).Regarding this, the researchers will seek to know whether factors like rhythm and music composition of Korean Popular Music really affect the Pinoy teenagers’ preference towards Original Pilipino Music In addition, the researchers want to distinguish the respondents (female residents of the University of the Philippines Cebu College Dormitory and other chosen students in UPVCC) view toward Korean Pop music as well as their outlook in the Original Pilipino Music (OPM).Moreover, this study would identify if the students’ music preference would affect their sense of nationalism. In doing this, the researchers gathered information which will help in achieving the goal of the researchers. This would serve as support to the current research study. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT This study will be conducted at the University of the Philippines Cebu College (UPVCC). The location will be the University of the Philippines Campus in Gorordo Avenue Lahug Cebu City. The place is accessible to the researchers for they would not spend much time travelling.The researchers choose the locale since one of the researchers is currently residing in the dormitory and because it is more accessible in terms of distributing the survey questionnaires. RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS The major concern of choosing respondents would be the residents staying in the UP dormitory which consists of 9 rooms with 53 student residents but the researchers respondents are on to chosen female dormers only. On the other hand, there will also be some respondents who do not stay in the dormitory but still female students in the University of the Philippines Cebu College.RESEARCH IN STRUMENT Simple random sampling was done for the sample selection. This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample. As all members of the population have an equal chance of becoming a research participant, this is said to be the most efficient sampling procedure. The researchers will list down all the names of the female respondents. After that, the researchers will use the fishbowl technique and will randomly pick 15 out of these 32 respondents including the chosen respondents not staying in the dormitory.The researchers decided to use this fishbowl technique since all the respondents are females and would only choose by means of â€Å"draw by lots†. This method involves the selection of the sample at random from the sampling frame through the use of random number tables (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2003). Numbers were assigned for each respondent in the master list. These numbers were written on piec es of paper and drawn from a box; the process was repeated until the sample size was reached. This research study will use a survey questionnaire as a research tool.The survey will be arranged basing on the factors that affect the respondents’ preference toward Korean Pop Music and how it affects their taste to Original Pilipino Music (OPM). There are 4 factors that the researchers consider. These are the respondents’ outlook towards the performers of the Korean Pop Music and Original Pilipino Music, the rhythm of music that K-pop and OPM music brings, as well as music’s composition and the message being delivered by both K-pop and OPM music. Every factor will be stated in a form of table.The researchers prepared an introductory part for survey consisting of 3 questions involving whether the respondents’ are into K-pop music or OPM Music. One of the questions determines what music does the respondent like from the two choices, the Korean Pop Music or the Original Pilipino Music. The second question is just related to a supporting answer to question number one in which the choices pertains to the time that the respondents often listens to her preferred music. Below the introductory question will be 2 tables, one for K-pop music and the other one is for OPM music. The two tables are divided into 5 columns.These columns would serve as the respondents’ ratings from 1 to 5 and 5 as the most appreciated towards K-pop and OPM Music. Each factor consists of 3 phrases related to the factor revealed. As mentioned earlier, one factor that affects the respondents’ preference toward music is the performers. The second factor involves the pattern of beats that the music contains. The third one relates to the lyrics of the music and how the message is being delivered to the listeners or audience. The researchers provide a survey questionnaire with a letter of permission to the chosen respondents.If the respondents approved the letter , they would answer the questionnaire automatically. If not, the researchers would pick another respondent and will answer directly to the survey questionnaire after approval. The respondents would just directly answer the questions with no time limit. After the respondents have completed answering the questions, the questionnaire will be collected. DATA ANALYSIS The researchers would then tally the results obtained. The results will then be tabulated. After that, thorough analysis should be done and the results would then be interpreted.This will be done by calculating the results using the Chi-Square Test for Independence. The researchers decided to use this type of test for it is applicable whether there is a relationship between two variables. In this study, the relationship between Pinoy Youths’ Preference towards K-pop Music and OPM Music is being described. This type of test actually involves statistics. As said earlier, the chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a â€Å"significant difference between the normal frequencies and the experimental frequencies in one or more categories.The Chi-Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two or more independent groups†(Maben, 2009). In so doing, the researchers would be helped by the Chi-Square test in determining Pinoy Youth’s Preference for Korean Pop Music and how does it affect their taste for Original Pilipino Music (OPM). CHAPTER III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Several theories have been gathered and analyzed in this research study to help determine the factors causing an individual to affect his/her attitude due to the type of music he/she prefers.A theory of Rudolf Radocy and David Boyle (2003) contends that musical preference is â€Å"more than an interaction of inherent musical characteristics and individual psychological and social variables† (p. 371). They cite the work of Abeles (1980) who, after a thorough review of the p ertinent literature, concluded that personality factors and emotional states were related to preference, but not in a clear cut aspect. Moreover, Radocy and Boyle (2003) stress out that music preference might be influenced by the factors of environment such as institutions, experiences, group gatherings, self-concept, mass media and among other things.Another theorist, Warren Prince (1972) developed a paradigm for music listening with a major premise that â€Å"a listener is capable of more than one response pattern and more than one type of listening experience† (p. 446). His paradigm is proposed as an initial effort to build â€Å"a framework based on crucial decisions on what variables and what relationships between variables are to be investigated† (p. 446). In addition, his paradigm gives a graphic representation of the variables in the listening process.Prince’s paradigm has three categories; the listener variables, response patterns and a group of learnin g process variables. The variables in these three categories are interrelated indicating causal relationships. Below is the diagram interpreting his paradigm. Figure 1. 5 Figure 1. 5 shows the flow of Prince’s Music Listening Paradigm with the (1) listener variables that are located at the top which are directed through the listener’s general state of attention, (2) response patterns at the center and the learning process variables are located at the bottom, and mostly has the function of feedback into the responses.Moreover, the reason why the listener variable is located on the top is that, it determines its behavior according to the influence that the environment is causing it. From here, these listeners can be able to provide their own response patterns (e. g. music materials) from what they get from the environment’s influence. This then makes the learning process variables take place giving the outcome and effect from what the listeners prefer. Another mus ic listening preference theory was developed by Albert LeBlanc (1982). LeBlanc’s theory conceptualizes musical judgment as a hierarchical process.LeBlanc’s music listening preference theory covers a whole system of input information. He explains that a person’s decision on music listening preference must follow â€Å"unavoidable time sequence. † He asserts that music is differently processed at different levels, which one involves personality characteristics. When Prince built his music listening theory, he considered his theory as an initial paradigm. He mentioned that â€Å"an initial paradigm represents theoretical considerations not yet confirmed even though they may be supported strongly by research evidence. A later paradigm or theoretical schema may emerge as a result of many studies based on the initial paradigm. † (p. 446) LeBlanc (1991) stated that his model has a different focus (music listening preference) from that of Prince (music lis tening). However, LeBlanc’s music listening preference theory can be classified as a later paradigm of a more specifically developed theoretical model for music listening paradigm. The theory developed by Robert Walker (1980) similarly characterizes musical preference as only indirectly related to personality and/or attitude factors.Walker asserts that liking is directly influence by musical complexity. He point out the idea that preference is modeled by a â€Å"bell-curve† which means that there is an â€Å"optimal level of complexity that is most enjoyable. Both very low complexity and very high complexity are less enjoyable† (p. 105). â€Å"Individuals have particular optimal complexity levels, with deviations in either direction decreasing liking. Simplistic music might produce boredom while overly complex music requires extensive processing that can decrease the likelihood that an individual will continue attending to the music. (Perkins, p. 5) Walker†™s idea stresses out the fact and/or assertion that an individual, when introduced to a new kind of music will probably like and abandon the previous preference or he/she would have the same level of likeness to the both; previous and new kind of music. This, then leads to the point where the individual’s personality and/or attitude is greatly affected and influenced by the preference he/she chooses resulting to the creation of different views of the individual. Below is the diagram of the Theoretical Framework:Conceptual Framework: Base on the ideas of the theories that were combined, the researcher came up with the above conceptualized framework. The music environment variables which include the institutions, experiences, group gatherings, self-concept and mass media are located at the top of the framework, followed by the second variable—students that become affected by the music environment. From this, the second variable could experience the exposure of the thir d variable which is considered to be the various types of music materials and response patterns.Then, they can assess their response patterns by weighing the dominance of the dominant music which becomes the fourth variable in the framework. Upon weighing the dominance, the students will learn to choose and prefer the more dominant kind of music which then, formulates their views on it and the effect comes after. The variables in this framework are considered the specified factors following the points and ideas from the theories mentioned. In addition, the framework’s flow is also based on the things that the theories pointed out. Below is the diagram of the Conceptual Framework:Operational Framework: The variables featured on the operational framework as showed below are the most specified factors that become a background flow of the research study. Home, UP Grounds, television, pals—variables found at the top of the framework are part of music environment which funct ions as the ones mainly influencing the second variable—the selected UP Female Students. This student variable now becomes the dependent variable in a way that its reactions depend on a certain situation due to the process that takes place in the music environment.In reacting to the environment variable, students tend to enumerate in their minds the response patterns—KPOP’s beat, rhythm, composition, styles and performers—that they get from the influence of the music environment. Having the response patterns settled, students will have a selection of one type of music leaving the other type. Appearing in the framework, the dominance of KPOP music on the preference of Pinoy Youth becomes the outcome gained from the response patterns.The dominance of KPOP music can possibly be assessed that Pinoy Youth will end up selecting and/or preferring KPOP music over OPM (original Pilipino music), which is another variable based on the framework. The effect of select ing Kpop over OPM by the Pinoy Youth will probably lead to the effect on their personality and/or attitude questioning now their sense of nationalism. In accordance with these analyses, the specific flow of ideas showed in the framework is only based on the points pondered by several theories provided in the previous pages having the views of the theorists, respectively.Below is the diagram of the Operational Framework: CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The new generation today has been exposed already to the different kinds and genres of music. From time to time music has been improved and made more entertaining than before. This has evolved from the native type of music to the modern kind of music in which most of the teenagers at present seems to like and appreciate. Most of the music nowadays are already been mixed up.Some music are from other countries that become popular and known to other neighboring countries and is still getting much popularity worldwide. Butler (2006 ) defines music as â€Å"an art of arranging across time†. Music is part of almost every culture on Earth but it varies widely among cultures in means and structure. Music is a language of human figure of communication with well developed rules of structure much like a form of sentence structure. An individual through music would be making interpretations based upon speech patterns like loud or soft rapid and bitten off, slow or smooth.According to Greeks (20th century), the beginning of music can be solved by thought where ancient people make up chants of religion, war, love and death through direct organization of words with the combination of body movements. Greek philosophers assumed that listening to music based on certain modes in use at that time was beneficial to the enhancement of the young person’s character. With music, an individual can develop one’s potential and positive outlooks in life (Butler (2006). Music is â€Å"a mode of thought, a way of t hinking in tones†. In addition, the usical mode of thought is a complex means of â€Å"expressing a thought for the suggestion of ideas of beauty and emotions† (Ferguson, 1959). With the help of rhythm, the message in music is delivered conveniently for rhythm contains everything that pertains to the forward movement of music in time. Rhythm is the pattern of beats in a piece of music. Mayol (1990) stated that â€Å"music has existed from time immemorial: archaeologists have unearthed traces of music in the most ancient society, ethnomusicologists have found it in even the most primitive tribal culture and scientists have claimed it present in space.Yet, no one has been able to established precisely when, where, why or how music originated. Mayol (1990) also claimed that there are recent theories proposing that in all cultures, music originated in a similar manner which was from a universal source (monogenesis) (p. 3). Ordinary people became uninterested with its begin ning that for them it is a nonsense and worthless. But as time pass by, its implication and origin have brought sensation to their lives.And so, this made them vary their preferences towards the different kinds of music leading to other individuals conducting research and other related studies regarding with these behavior and choices. At present, there are already many types of music known to be famous. One of which is the popular music. Popular music pertains to a kind of music that is produced for a broader audience. This includes jazz, rock, rap music and many more. Popular music has three of the most important elements and these are language, beat and tune.This popular music originated in America in the year 1850-1950 (Yudkin,1996). In addition, popular music is typically vocal where everybody can sing more or less, and it has no formal training because it is intended to appeal to the widest possible audience. Until now, this particular music is still being acknowledged and app reciated worldwide including Philippines as well as other European countries. (Yudkin,1996). Regarding this popular music, Korean Pop or known as K-Pop is one of today’s hits and famous music worldwide.Korean pop music is the well kind of music in the country of South Korea today. K-pop music is just similar to western music. The only difference is their lyrics which are in the form of Korean. Hallyu is the word that means Korean wave. Part of the Korean wave is their overwhelming success not just in music but as well as in South Korean dramas and movies. The term Korean pop music does not only pertains to music but with accompaniment of movement that makes South Korea popular in Asia and neighboring countries from 1990’s until present (Villano,2010).According to Hicap (2010), the making of Korean pop music also involves attractive young stars and their unique moves in dancing accompanied with how they dress up. One of the newest and most famous is Rain, the male singe r who became artist after his shooting in the Korean Drama Full House with the actress Song Hye Kyo. BoA is one of Korea’s top female singers who has topped the charts in Korea, then Japan and released an album in US. BoA worked in partnership with western artists and was cited as an influential artist in the 2004 MTV Asia awards.Others are bands and groups which are today’s most known. One of them is the female group 2nel having a member who became famous in the Philippines before she reached her fame in Korea. Her name is Sandara Park. The next known group is the Wonder Girls, also a female group who was famous for their popular hit â€Å"Nobody† which was loved by many Filipinos. Other group includes SS501, a male group that become famous after the inclusion of some of their songs in the soundtrack of the popular Boys Over Flowers and having their member Kim Hyun Jung.Todays’ known female group, the Girls Generation who were trained in various aspects of the performing arts, has its own TV Series and they endorse products in Korea. There are still many known groups and artists that contributed to the success of the Korean Pop Music such as the Super Junior and Shinee group. These bands and groups made Korean Pop music be known (Hicap, 2010). Younger Korean musicians have already gained reputation, much popularity and appreciation as top performers in both concert and entertainment fields.In relation to this, youth around Asia especially Filipino youths have been affected by the outstanding effect not just to the K-pop music but also to other music from other countries (Kim,1985). A study by Fritzie Joy J. Dungog (1997) distinguishes the influence of Pinoy alternative music to the attitude of students towards local government officials. Dungog used a three part questionnaire that asked questions pertaining to personal data, exposure questions and an attitudinal test. The questionnaire was distributed to 284 respondents.Based on th e questionnaires she gave to the 284 respondents, the researcher found out that the respondents showed a high level of exposure to Pinoy Alternative Music and that the majority of respondents exhibited a positive approach towards their city government officials. The study also revealed that â€Å"there were no significant relationship between the attitudes of respondents toward their city local government officials and the frequency exposure to Pinoy Alternative Music†(Dungog, (1997)). Dino Arnaldo A.Karganilla (1994) determines the effect of exposure to foreign music in FM stations on the perception of high school students towards Filipino music. The study covered a sample size of 111 fourth year U. P. College High School attendees through a two-page questionnaire which were given to those 111 respondents. The instrument that Karganilla used in his study was a two paged questionnaire composed of three sections with an additional information part. The researcher discovered th at the respondents had a low level of exposure to foreign music and that the respondents had a favorable insight towards Original Pilipino Muisc (OPM).There was no connection between the respondents’ sexual category and rank of exposure that could influence their view towards Original Pinoy Music (OPM) and in turn, the exposure to foreign local FM stations did not bear a negative impact of the respondents toward Original Pilipino Music (OPM). A supplementary research study by Jessica Servande Losorata (2008) verifies whether Cebu local rock music airplay on Monster Radio BT 105. 9 has either a positive or a negative impact on selected rock bands that have played for Harakiri Mosh Production. â€Å"A Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with selected ock bands that have played for Harakiri Mosh Production was the main method in gathering the data. A separate Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with Monster Radio BT 105. 9 listeners and online interviews with the station’s manager and a representative of Harakiri Mosh Production were also conducted to gather additional information† (Losorata, (2008)). The researcher found out that the respondents were not devoted clients of radio. They had a low level of exposure to radio but their consciousness of its Cebu local rock music airplay was positive.The results of the study was been supported after the researcher interviewed Paolo Valera, known as Paolo Walker, the station manager of Monster Radio BT 105. 9 together with Shanette G. Mancao, one of the founder of Harakiri Mosh Production. For the respondents, the interviews and interactions were done through internet because of the interviewees schedule and activities. Another study by R. S. Holganza (1987) was all about the relationship between the exposure to foreign music in FM stations and the attitude of fourth year high school University of San Jose-Recoletos (USJ-R) students towards Original Pilipino Music (OPM).This particular research was conducted to determine if there is a connection between the exposure to foreign music in local FM stations and the attitude of fourth year USJ-R students toward OPM. The research was conducted inside the University of San Jose-Recoletos (USJ-R) High School campus using 100 fourth year male and female respondents from the different economic levels. The respondents exposure to foreign music was determined by the number of hours spent listening to FM stations while the respondents attitude was measured by four OPM-related statements.The respondents in this specific study belonged to the same age level which was 16 to 17 with same educational attainment (fourth year high school). The researcher found out that the respondents were exposed to local FM stations whose programming was more on foreign music but the playing of foreign songs in FM stations seems not to decrease or slow down the popularity of the Original Pilipino Music (OPM). The amount of exposure to FM stations influenced the responden ts’ liking of Filipino songs and the respondents over-all choice of song as verified by the results of the chi-square test was the Original Pilipino Music (OPM).A related study was conducted by Minni K. Ang and Miranda P. Yeoh (year) concerning the music preferences of Malaysian students and KBSM Curriculum implications (explain). Ang and Yeoh organized this by preparing ten selection of ethnic-based Malaysian music and twenty selection of non ethnic related music consisting of ten popular music selections and ten western art music selections were used. Ratings of preferences, familiarity and musical training were gathered from 139 randomly selected teenage students of two public schools in Serdang, Malaysia.The researchers discovered that the respondents preferred non-ethnic related music especially popular music. In addition, the interpreted results proved that the main factor affecting their preference for both ethnic-based Malaysian music and non ethnic-related music was their familiarity of the music (M. K. &Yeoh, 2002). These past studies serve as a basic foundation to this recent research which determines if factors like rhythm and music composition of Korean Popular Music really affect the Pinoy teenagers’ preference towards Original Pilipino Music and if this would affect their sense of nationalism.According to Malm (1977), there are explanations about the behavior observed with regards to the preference of Filipino youth. Malm said that early in the history back to the time where Philippines was colonized, the Filipino music traditions were mixed with Spanish-type of music which was distributed into the country. â€Å"The Spanish influence becomes even stronger as one move toward Philippine urban culture† Malm (1977). Malm (1977) claimed that Filipino possesses an attitude which comes from the experience of colonization, wherein it has adapted many music cultures from different neighboring countries in the history.Through this fa ct, it can now be related to the issue of choice of music that Filipino youth is experiencing with interest, specifically its fascination towards Korean pop music. Additionally, they ought to love the unfamiliar type of music with amazement and astonishment to that kind of music. Regarding this concept, the popularity of the native music will declined slowly until it will no longer be known. According to Mayol (1990), the shifting of the Youth’s musical preference is due to the music’s influential power that serves as a â€Å"shaping force in determining the nature of the moral character of the populace.The power of music affecting a person was derived from its structure. The above mentioned cases and studies have shown that there is an effect or impact regarding the preference of Pinoy teenagers toward music. And the above researches would aid the current researchers to accomplish their study about the Pinoy Youth’s Preference for Korean Pop Music and how does it affect their taste for Original Pilipino Music (OPM). This would serve as guiding principles in this latest study. Bibliography Books: Hoffer, C. R. (1989). The Understanding of Music (sixth edition): Personal Preference in Music.United States of America. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Kim, E. (1985). Facts About Korea: Music and Dance. Seoul, Korea Malm, W. (1997). Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East and Asia (second edition): Philippines. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mayol, P. (1990). The Development of Western Music: Heritage from Antiquity. United States of America. Wm C. Brown Publishers Yudkin, J. (1996). Understanding Music: Popular Music. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Unpublished Materials: Ang, M. K. & Yeoh, M. P. 2002). Music Preferences of Malaysian Students and KBSM (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah or Integrated Secondary School Curriculum) Implications. Serdang, Malaysia. Retrieved December 2, 2010 f rom http://www. musicmall-asia. com/minni/Educ/2002. pdf Dungog, F. J. J. (1997). Influence of Alternative Music on Students’ Attitude Towards Local Government Officials. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. University of the Philippines Cebu College Holganza, R. S. (1987). The Relationship Between the Exposure to Foreign Music in FM Stations. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis.University of the Philippines Cebu College Karganilla, D. A. A. (1994). Relationship Between the Exposure to Foreign Music and the Perception of Fourth Year UP High School Students Towards Filipino Music. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. University of the Philippines Cebu College Losorata, J. S. (2008). The Impact of Cebu Local Rock Music Airplay on Monster Radio BT 105. 9 on Cebu Rock Bands. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. University of the Philippines Cebu College Online Periodicals: Hicap, J. (2010). Filipinos Get Hooked on Kpop Craze. Korea Times.Retrieved December 7,2010 from http://koreatimes. co. kr. /www/news/nation/2009/09/117_51347. html Villano, A. (2010). The Korean Pop Invasion. The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 12, 2010 form http://dancepinoy. com/forum/music-lifestyle/k-pop-invasion-in-the-philippines-2 Internet Sources: ______. (2006). Kpop: History and Globalization. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from http://encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/korean+pop ______. (2007). Music of Korea. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from http://encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/korean+music ______. (2008). Kpop’s History and Definition.Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://www. asiafinest. com/review/kpop. htm ______. (2007). Korean Music Popularity. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://www. chinatownconnection. com/korean-music-popularity. htm ______. (2009). Korean Pop (K-pop). Retrieved December 1, 2010 from http://www. 123helpme. com/preview. asp? id=35074 Xiong, Y. & Li, S. (2007). Effect of South Korean Pop Culture on the Potential Tourists from Chinese Mainl and. Retrieved December 16, 2010 from http://www. docstoc. com/docs/19647133/ effect-of-south-korean-pop-culture-on-the-potential-tourists-from.

Tourism essays

Tourism essays New York is perhaps one of the most amazing places to visit and live in of the United States. So much history has been made that it is amazing how it all began. One of the most interesting places to visit is Time Square. However, not to long ago Time square was not a desired place to visit. According to Peterson, in the late 80s, it was a place for prostitutes pimps, peep shows, and scam artists to line the streets. It had adopted the named The Crossroads of the World (241). Well before that there was a recession and many businesses had to close down because of newly constructed towers around Time Square. This forced many companies bankrupted. Crime was at an all time high and drugs were sold night day on the streets. There was no enough money to fund for public safely and sanitation. However, in the early 90s, a new legal act was formed to help improve tourism in Time Square. The Time Square Business Improvement District, also known as BID, was formed. It helped New York by funding support to theatrical activity as well as tourist attractions. The BID also works to make Times Square clean, safe and friendly and to promote the neighborhood to the world. The website www.timesquare.org explains that The BID works in collaboration with private businesses, city agencies, the community boards and not-for-profit organizations in the area According to Peterson, this district stretched across 40th street to 53rd street on the West Side of Manhattan which is between 6th and 8th Avenue. According to Peterson, the BID was improvement of public safely (243). The BID is very expensive and it costs 6 million annually per year. However, with it this implemented, crime decreased, sanitation were clean more and more then ever tourists have come and visited Time Square. Before the BID, Time Square had many buildings and stores condemned. Since then, Time ...

Common Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese

Common Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese In Japanese, there are many particles that are added to the end of a sentence. They express the speakers emotions, doubt, emphasis, caution, hesitation, wonder, admiration, and so on. Some sentence ending particles distinguish male or female speech. Many of them dont translate easily. Click here for Sentence Ending Particles (1). Common Ending Particles No (1) Indicates an explanation or emotive emphasis. Used only by women or children in an informal situation. Kore jibunde tsukutta no.㠁“ã‚Å'è‡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã£  §Ã¤ ½Å"㠁 £Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ®I made this myself.Onaka ga itai no.㠁Šã  ªÃ£ â€¹Ã£ Å'çâ€"݋ â€žÃ£  ®I have stomachache. (2) Makes a sentence into a question (with a rising intonation). Informal version of ~ no desu ka 㠁 ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹. Ashita konai no?明æâ€" ¥Ã¦  ¥Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  ®Arent you coming tomorrow?Doushita no?㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã  ®Whats the matter with you? Sa Emphasizes the sentence. Used mainly by men. Sonna koto wa wakatteiru sa.㠁 Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¢I certainly know of such a thing.Hajime kara umaku dekinai no wa atarimae sa.Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€ Ã£  ¾Ã£  Ã£  §Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  ®Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ½â€œÃ£ Å¸Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥â€° Ã£ â€¢Its natural (indeed) that you cant do well when you first starts. Wa Used only by women. It can have both an emphatic function and a softening effect. Watashi ga suru wa.ã‚ Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€"㠁Å'㠁™ã‚‹ã‚ Ã£â‚¬â€šIll do it.Sensei ni kiita hou ga ii to omou wa.先生㠁 «Ã¨ Å¾Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£  »Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å'㠁„㠁„㠁 ¨Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ â€ Ã£â€š I think it would be better to ask the teacher. Yo (1) Emphasizes a command. Benkyou shinasai yo!勉å ¼ ·Ã£ â€"㠁 ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Study!Okoranaide yo!怒ら㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£â€šË†Dont get so angry at me! (2) Indicates moderate emphasis, especially useful when the speaker provides a new piece of information. Ano eiga wa sugoku yokatta yo.㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¦Ëœ  Ã§â€ »Ã£  ¯Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€Ã£  Ã¨â€° ¯Ã£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€šË†That movie was very good.Kare wa tabako o suwanai yo.Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£  ¯Ã§â€¦â„¢Ã¨ â€°Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥  ¸Ã£â€š Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†He doesnt smoke, you know. Ze Elicits an agreement. Used only by men in casual conversation among colleagues, or with those whose social status is below that of the speaker. Nomi ni ikou ze.é £ ²Ã£  ¿Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁“㠁†ã Å"Lets go for a drink! Zo Emphasizes ones opinion or judgment. Used mainly by men. Iku zo.è ¡Å'㠁 Ã£ Å¾Im going!Kore wa omoi zo.㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã©â€¡ Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¾This is heavy, I tell you.

Must Atheology Prove Gods Nonexistence (Willian L. Rowe Evil is Essay

Must Atheology Prove Gods Nonexistence (Willian L. Rowe Evil is Evidence against Theistic Belief) - Essay Example Rowe considers the view of the theists that there exists an all powerful, all-knowing, perfectly good being (God) as ‘restricted theism’ as it â€Å"does not include any claim that is not entailed by it† (183). To find out whether the occurrence of evils in the world lower the likelihood of God’s existence, Rowe brings out two premises based on which he concludes that God does not exist. The two premises are, Rowe points out that theists have to reject either one of these premises if they have to prove the existence of God, and that they mostly accept the second premise, thereby rejecting the first one. Therefore, the theists will have to accept the fact that for every horrendous evil that takes place, there has to be an outweighing good for which God has no way of materializing without permitting the evil. Rowe provides two analogies to counter the argument that there is a justifying reason for God to permit horrendous evils. One is of a fawn horribly burned in a forest fire caused by lightning. It dies only after five days and has to undergo intense suffering until then, lying on the forest floor. The second analogy is of a five year old girl brutally beaten, raped, and strangled in Flint, Michigan, on New year’s day a few years ago. In both the cases, it cannot be argued that the suffering inflicted on the fawn and the girl are justifiable for some reason, as they personally do not benefit anything from the suffering and die without getting any relief. Rowe goes on to analyze two theistic responses to these analogies that point to the non-existence of God. The first one addresses the first premise and argues that the fact that we fail to understand the good that is meant by God when seemingly meaningless suffering is inflicted on us. The analogy of a child that is put to suffering by its parents for an unavoidable surgical procedure

Paradise lost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paradise lost - Essay Example Knowledge is compared to food and needs no less (Milton, 1905, p. 45). Wisdom to folly, as nourishment to wind. The influence of wind by tossing or creating turbulence in mind is a metaphor used to direct state the mind. The use of virginity to illustrate originality and innocence is revealed in the several lines of the poem. The use of â€Å"her Virgin Fancies pouring forth more sweet (v 291-97). Though Eve is revealed as a Matron latter on, the original status calls her a virgin because she does not know evil and she is an innocent nature spirit. In modern language, literary use is occasional, with the main approach being on the use of metaphor. Several issues in the society are addressed by the use of metaphor such as pass away to illustrate death. The current literature books address almost all the literary devices that can be used to evaluate the different contemporary literature (Milton, 1905, p. 67). Compared to paradise lost, the current literature such as water for elephant employs the use of metaphor in defining the life of the young man Jacob Jankowski. The young man’s life is depicted clearly through the use of metaphor and the other stylistic devices such as irony (Gruen, 2011, p. 34). Suspense and metaphor use in the book illustrates the power of literary devices. The use of styles that facilitate the development of interest to read the book. The exposition of Jacobs’s depression illustrates the beauty of the story with continued use of illustrative language and the development of understanding of t he overall plot of the novel. The behavior of the characters is explained by use of metaphor and epic similes making modern literature similar to the traditional literature such as paradise lost. In response to the different plots, the use of literary device is changed, by the authors, to suit the style of writing. The novel Paradise Lost has employed the use of metaphor significantly, with the statements being used,

Poes psychosomatic Turmoil Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poes psychosomatic Turmoil - Research Paper Example Longings for the affection and love of the nearest and dearest ones were further deteriorated by the animosity of his step-father. In fact, the stepfather soon turns the inferiority-complex in Oedipal Complex. Along with these traumas, Allan Poe has experienced nightmares throughout his whole life. Instead of being afraid he soon learnt to apply the nightmarish effect in his writings, as in his book, Edgar Allan Poe, Vincent Buranelli says: He took to inspecting with meticulous exactitude his psychological states when he hovered between sleep and wakefulness, found his mind occupied with shadows of ideas â€Å"rather Psychical than intellectual,† and learned to some degree to control them. In a letter to Mr. Allan (April, 1833) Poe writes about loveless bleak world where he was suffering from isolation and destitution: â€Å"Without friends, without any means, consequently, of obtaining employment, I am perishing — absolutely perishing for want of aid†¦ For Godâ⠂¬â„¢s sake, pity me and save me from destruction (O’Neill 7). Obviously Poe’s longings for the camaraderie and compassion of the near relatives, together with his stepfather-induced Oedipal-complex greatly help Poe to perceive the revengefulness of the inferior and to conjure up the horrible revenge character like Montressor in â€Å"the Cask of Amontillado†. Though the â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† dominantly echoes the theme of revenge, the ruptured psychological evidences such as inferiority-complex and Oedipal complex, that Allan himself has been familiar with during his lifetime behind Montressor’s revenge. ... Though the â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† dominantly echoes the theme of revenge, the ruptured psychological evidences such as inferiority-complex and Oedipal complex, that Allan himself has been familiar with during his lifetime behind Montressor’s revenge. Indeed these ruptured psychological complexes are evident in almost all of Poe’s characters. If his real life inferiority complex and oedipal complex exhibit through the convulsive personality disorders like alcoholism and murderous intension in â€Å"the Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"the Black Cat†, â€Å"The Premature Burial†, â€Å"The Tell-tale Heart† etc, the losses of his loved ones and the existential void induced by these losses are vividly emergent through the necrophilic fantasies in works such as â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"The Raven.† But the same existential cavity in Poe’s life has helped him to create a bleak world void of love and haunted by the fear of d eath, revenge, injustice and a world where people are affected with hyperesthesia, hypochondria, love-sickness, hypersensitivity to humiliation, abnormally revengefulness, etc. Such bleak world is evident in â€Å"the Fall of the House of Usher†. The loss of Poe’s mother when he was at three years old, the absence of a father, the death of his consumptive wife who soon died, the antagonistic relationship with Mr. John Allan, frustration in love and the subsequent indulgence into gambling and alcoholism etc have influenced his writings in a number of complicated ways. Though specific evidences in any specific piece of work can directed referenced to a traumatic event, experience or object, the traumatic events and experiences in Poe’s life have some effects on the themes

The Medea by Euripides and The Aeneid by Virgil Essay Example for Free

The Medea by Euripides and The Aeneid by Virgil Essay In The Medea by Euripides and The Aeneid by Virgil the characters of Medea and Dido respond to desertion by their husbands, the individual they love most, in the form of a quarrel. Both characters go on to attempt to alleviate their pain via revenge. Their judgments and actions are impaired by each womans great eros and amor. Euripides and Virgil illustrate their vision of passion and love through the effects of Medea and Didos actions under the influence of these emotions. Both women could choose a healthier course for their pain by thinking rationally. Ultimately what matters is Medea is permitted to be distressed because she truly is abandoned by her husband, while Dido, on the other hand, is betrayed and destroyed by a lover she cons herself into believing is her husband. In response to the abandonment of their lovers, both Medea and Dido quarrel with their husband in an effort to sway him into altering his resolution. Medea attempts to make Jason leave his new bride and come back to her while Dido tries to influence Aeneas into staying with her. Each woman vents by launching their monologue with an introduction of insults. Although Medea straight forwardly calls Jason a coward in every way, Dido is more controlled and implies that Aeneas attempts to slip away in silence (Euripides, 465) (Virgil, IV.419). Throughout the remainder of the speeches, they attempt to get the men to bend to their wishes. The women use logic. Medea reminds Jason of the shame he will face as a result of having children wandering as beggars. Dido informs Aeneas of the bad weather he will encounter if he leaves now. Both women remind their lover of all they have sacrificed for him and everything they have not asked for in return. Medeas raging comments continue on about the broken marriage oath. Like Medea, Dido tries to force Aeneas to remain by her side because of the marriage that [they] entered on (Virgil, IV.432). Medea and Dido seem to end their side of the argument with final jabs at manhood of their husbands, but in her last breath, Dido asks for pity on her utterly bereft self (Virgil, IV.454). In the course of her speech Medea is seen as a very angry, vengeful woman while Dido is seen as desolate and pitiful. Both women, however, only want to be with the man they love. As a result of the abandonment of their husbands, both Medea and Dido hope  to quench their furor through revenge. Medea satisfies her thirst by killing four innocent victimsthose closest to Jason. Conversely, Dido constructs a funeral pyre that is a reconstruction of her life with Aeneas and throws herself upon it. Medea seeks revenge on others with the intention of mak[ing Jason] feel pain (Euripides, 1398). In hopes to extinguish her furor through her own demise, Dido stabs herself twice in the chest with the sword she gave to Aeneas; this way she says is a blessed relief to go into the undergloom (Virgil, IV.1048). Medeas rage ends with the satisfaction of innocent lives lost. Dido feels compelled to satisfy herself even further by hoping Aeneas painfully views the funeral pyre from his ship and by cursing Aeneas as well as her own people and all the children of their children (Virgil, IV.875). Ultimately, both women succeed in dousing the burning fury within. It is important to follow the paths these women select to satisfy their hurt because these paths are the result of both women allowing their eros and amor to cloud theirr judgment and influence her actions. While Medeas heart [is] on fire with passionate love for Jason and he returns her love, Medeas power and passion were enlisted for his aid (Euripides, 8). Didos love and passion for Aeneas overcome her passion for that of the city she founded. The moment either woman is betrayed, their passionate love for their husbands becomes passionate hate against them. Consequently, this is the motivation for Medeas bad judgment in her quest for revenge. Like Medea, Dido uses very bad judgment and so projects [are] broken off in Carthage (Virgil, IV.124). Both women refocus all of their eros and amor intended for the good of others to a single selfish purpose. Through Medea and Dido, two maddened lovers, both Euripides and Virgil illustrate their outlook on the effects of eros and amor (Virgil, IV.92). Both women allow their heart to rule, which brings trouble for many people. As a result of Medea following the wishes of her heart, she destroys or alienates her entire family. Because Dido uses her violent heart as a compass, Aeneas is almost derailed from his destiny (Euripides, 38). Aeneas is only back in line with destiny and the gods after he leaves to found Rome and begins to navigate with his head. Both Virgil and Euripides prove that  Medea and Dido create chaos as a result of allowing passion, not reason, to rule. Even in the midst of their turmoil it is feasible that Medea and Dido could choose to begin ruling with their minds and not their passion. Medea could kill Jason as a result of his hurtful act and not destroy four innocent people. If Dido truly loves Aeneas, she could risk going with him even if the consequences could be that she continues to be his mistress or that the Trojans tire of her and throw her overboard, as opposed to senselessly committing suicide. Medea could overcome her barbaric culture and allow Jason to live his life while she cares for her children as a loving mother should. Euripides and Virgil leave many options for both Medea and Dido if they can only get past the desires of their hearts and see past them to what is the superior good. Each development of Medea and Dido builds their similarities, but the crucial difference between the two wives in their justification for their actions and emotions is in the very foundation of their relationship with their husbands. Medea is married to Jason. She has gone through a marriage ceremony viewed by many and contested by none. Conversely, as Juno has intended, Dido misinterpreted the events which took place in the cave after the hunt. Virgil says she called it marriage. Thus, under that name, she hid her fault (Virgil, IV.237-238). Medea reacts to her betrayal atrociously. Although she kills the innocents, Euripides justifies the horrendous actions of Medea because she is married to Jason. He has left her for another woman. Because they had no commitment, Dido cannot justify her suicide and curse with the abandonment from a man she has an affair with and chooses to develop this affair into a liaison. Virgil does not specifically condemn Dido, but the tone of her commentary seems to put the blame on her. While Euripides Medea and Virgils Dido have similar reasons, reactions, and motivations, Medea is understood and Dido is just seen as bitter, vindictive, and pathetic.

History of the Internet :: Expository Essays Research Papers

History of the Internet The internet has been a fast progressing technology. It is not quite known who exactly invented it because many people helped invent it. The development of the Internet began to progress very quickly after the invention of the satellite. The Russians put sputnik, the first satellite, into space and the US got scared. The cold war helped facilitate the internet because the US had to compete with other technologies being developed by Russia. Versions of the internet were around at the time (like in Britain), but the government wanted the Internet to be explored more because the US saw benefits of it for the military. In order to make a more effective way for military to communicate the US brought in some of the most brilliant people to improve and invent the Internet. Some intentions of researching the networking of computers was potential nuclear war. The government wanted a way that people could communicate and store information without it being destroyed by nuclear war. The scientis ts could not figure out a way for a medium of communication to not be harmed by nuclear explosion but the developers thought that the if the information was not centralized that it would not be able to be destroyed completely. The theory was if the information could be traveling at all times to different nodes and then in turn could not be destroyed by completely. The internet was created through out the 60s by the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). This team of inventors worked relentlessly to make a backbone of the internet that we have today. The internet started out very small but now it is huge. It first only networked a few nodes but now it can has been networked to several nodes including personal computers.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists take advantage of this free system of sharing information because a scientist can access a powerful computer million miles away with little or no cost. Educators can bring the Internet into the classroom to research information that was inaccessible a decade ago. Mostly the internet is used to email and look at news.

Economic progress in Russia in the years 1981-1982 Essay

Despite frequent changes in policy, Russian and Soviet governments were spectacularly unsuccessful in securing sustained economic progress in the years 1881-1982’. Assess the validity of this statement. Between 1981 and 1982, Russia underwent huge changes, particularly the in economy. Russian history is well known for its frequent changes in policy as the country faced revolutions, changes in regime, changes in leadership and not to mention its involvement in various conflicts. As a result, Russia’s economic policy was subject to major change apart from three key areas, industry, agriculture and the tertiary sector. These three areas of the economy remained a constant in its ever changing climate; however, many historians still argue that Russia’s economy was unsuccessful and poorly managed despite its frequent change in policy. Thus begs the question, ‘To what extent is this true?’ The Tsarist regime, for many Russians, was a period of economic instability as agriculture was seen as a secondary concern. Growth rate was not structured and growth rate fell considerably between the late 1890’s and 1905.[1] Meanwhile, other economies expanded leaving Russia struggling to catch up and some historians see agriculture as a reason for Russia’s economic decline. For example, Carol. S. Leonard argued that Russia’s grain production per capita GDP was lagged far behind that of America in 1913.[2] This argument shows how agriculture in Tsarist Russia wasn’t dealt with effectively and as a result, the economy suffered. On the other hand, some historians have pointed out that agriculture in Russia during the late Tsarist years were not so destructive. One argument maintains that actually, Russia’s agriculture grew and developed quite substantially pre- revolution. For example; from 1890 to 1913, cereal production per capita increased by 35%[3]. Although this evidence is hard to ignore, it is also difficult to turn a blind eye to the contrasting evidence which suggests that agriculture suffered under the late Tsarist regime and consequently, affected the economy as a whole. For example: â€Å"There was very little investment in agriculture in Imperial Russia and this lead to small yields and economic volatility when prices rose and fell†¦lack of investment in agriculture frequently caused grain prices to rise which caused famines†[4] Overall, although agriculture grew slightly during the Tsarist regime, ultimately it suffered greatly as did the Russian people. Looking at agriculture alone, Russia’s economy looked bleak however; industry had slightly more success during this time so perhaps the economy was not so bad after all. S J Lee puts forward a simple statement: â€Å"The periods of most rapid growth were in the reign of Nicholas II (1894-1917) as a result of the economic reforms of Sergei Witte (1892-1903)†[5]. This is easy to see, when one considers that in 1914, Russia produced 35 million tons of coal, ranking Russia fifth amongst the main producers.[6] Building on Lee’s argument, there seems to be a lot of evidence pointing to Sergei Witte as the main reason for Russia’s industrial boom. Upon taking office, Witte raised massive amounts of capital by securing a loan from France and raising taxes and tariffs and interest rates.[7] However, it is the development of Russian railways which Witte is perhaps most remembered for. Under his guidance the railway network grew from around thirty one thousand km to around fifty three km worth of track.[8] With Witte at the helm, Russia’s industry continued to develop with growth rates comparing well next to those of the United States and Germany. Witte has often been credited with modernizing Russia to such a great extent that its industrial boom continued long after he left his post as Finance Minister in 1903. For example, in 1913, Russia’s steel production stood at 4.9 million metric tons next to France’s 4.7 million, with coal and iron not far behind.[9] On the other hand, Witte’s industrialization policies were not always so successful. For example, between 1890 and 1899, Russia’s industrial growth stood at 8.0% whereas between 1900-06, it reduced to 1.4%[10]. His aims of modernizing came with a heavy cost and it was consumers who had to pay the price. Taxes were raised but only for the lower classes, indeed the wealthier classes were spared from taxation although their money was needed for private capital. Tariffs also caused problems as, although they protected Russian industry, they added to the cost of living.[11] Whatsmore, although some historians have credited Witte’s decision to seek loans from foreign investors, some remain critical. This is because the interest added to the loans had to be paid in a secure medium meaning, in order to pay off their debts, Russia was forced to export grain regularly, including during the famine of 1891.[12] Overall, although Witte made huge strides in modernizing the Russian economy, he was not entirely faultless. Industry picked up, but there were still issues and it was the common man who had to pay. The economy still suffered, although, arguably, not as much as it would have done without Witte. However, the tertiary sector also contributed to the economy. Although some historians critique Russia’s dependence of Western investors, these ties had corresponding benefits in the shape of trade. [13] Business also boomed within Russia with eight large banks emerging in 1899 which owned more than half the total bank capital. This provided free access for foreign capital, controlling important branches of the Russian economy, including the fuel and metallurgical industries. [14] Moreover, according to Robert Service, domestic industrialists and banks were thriving too.[15] This argument can be supported by the growth in towns and cities between 1897 and 1914. For example; the population in St Petersburg grew from 1’300 thousand (1987) to 2’100 thousand (1914)[16]. This shows that the economic growth had a positive impact on society and the country was doing well under the Tsarist regime. However, although to the naked eye Russia seemed to be doing well, their growth wasn’t so great. Compared to the other Great powers of the period, Russia was lagging far behind. Between 1894 and 1913, Austria-Hungary had a 79% increase in national income whereas Russia was lagging far behind with only a 50% increase[17]. This clearly demonstrates that Russia’s overall situation was not so great and actually, Russian people did suffer. When Lenin came to power in 1917, he brought with him a change in regime and economic policy including the introduction of war communism. War communism aimed to socialize the economy through state involvement. Rural areas were subjected to grain requisition which was forcibly removed by the military.[18] This inevitably was unpopular and caused much suffering and peasants who stored their crops were often wrongfully prosecuted. It was not just agriculture which suffered. Factories were nationalized by November 1920 and were geared towards war production.[19] Additionally, private trade was banned and rationing was introduced on consumer goods including food and clothing. War communism was, effectively a self destructive policy. Grain requisitioning meant more than three million people died of starvation by late 1922.[20] Moreover, money lost its value and people got by through a system of barter. Inflation shot up and multiplied 1917 costs by four million in 1922. Additionally, in comparison to the growth in city population during the Tsarist regime, people fled the cities. For example; in December 1920 the population in Petrograd fell by 57.5%[21] Lenin knew that it was time for a change. War communism caused more harm then good so Lenin came up with an alternative, the ‘New Economic Policy’ (NEP). Peasants were allowed to sell grain for profit and they paid tax on what they produced rather than giving it up[22]. Things also changed industrially and in the tertiary sector. Businessmen could own small or medium sized businesses however large firms were still state owned.[23] The NEP basically gave the people of Russia freedom and Lenin hoped that it would boost economic growth as well. However, in 1924, Lenin died and Stalin came to power. Stalin also brought new ideas and his own ways of modernizing the economy. In November 1927, Stalin introduced his policies of industrialisation and collectivisation with the aim of modernising the economy. They were supported by a series of five year plans, the first (1928-32) aimed to improve living standards and the second (1933-37) and third (1938-41) aimed to highlight and thus, amend, Russia’s weaknesses[24]. Industrialisation was relatively successful as by the late 1930’s many workers conditions had improved and they had acquired better paid jobs and unemployment was almost non-existent. Accounts from the time support this view: â€Å"Good progress was made†¦4’500 new factories, plants, mines and power stations were commissioned, three times as many as the first Five-Year period’[25]. On the other hand, industrialisation was harsh and lateness for work often led to employees getting the sack. Many prisoners also paid the price by working on the grand engineering projects and working in appalling and dangerous conditions. For example; around 100’000 workers died building the Belmor Canal[26]. Collectivisation was ultimately unsuccessful and peasants were in a worse position than ever before. The concept of sharing farms and thus, sharing salary meant there wasn’t enough money to go around and crop production fell too. For example: â€Å"†¦Grain shortages, combined with continued forced procurements, led to rural famine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [27] However, some people benefitted from collectivisation such as Bertha Malnick: â€Å"We have more than 600 hectares†¦our farmers have built 70 new houses for themselves during the last few years†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [28]. However, it is reasonable to conclude overall that collectivisation was unsuccessful given the various sources which provide figures of those who died or badly suffered during Stalin’s reign. Stalin died in 1953 and Khrushchev took over. Khrushchev focused on DeStalinisation, distancing the USSR as far away from Stalin as possible. Khrushchev was keen to adopt a different economic policy with the aim of building on the country’s previous economic growth and amending its weaknesses and one way he did this was by abandoning the five year plans and starting a new, seven year plan (1959-65) which aimed to take advantage of newly discovered mineral resources and fit in with industry[29]. Khrushchev pumped a lot of money into agriculture and overall 40% of investment was put into the neglected eastern regions of the USSR[30]. However, the seven year plan had similar flaws to the previous five year plans such as mistakes in resource distribution. Living standards got worse, the opposite to what Khrushchev had hoped to achieve. For example; only five in one thousand citizens owned a car and in 1963, the USSR was forced to import grain from the capitalist west to compensate shortages.[31] There were successes during this time such as the rise in foreign trade however this can’t compensate for the huge failures experienced during this time. Khrushchev made an honest attempt to improve the economy however his plans backfired and once again the country was left to clean up an economic mess. Eventually, Khrushchev was removed from power and in his place came Brezhnev who did little to change the economy. The era of Brezhnev has often been described as ‘a period of economic stagnation’ but some historians believe that this is not fair. Like Khrushchev, Brezhnev wanted to focus on improving agriculture and living standards in Russia. Historians Gwyneth Hughes and Simon Welfare support this view saying: â€Å"†¦After the terror of Stalin’s reign and the chaos of Khrushchev’s, the Soviet Union was in for a period of stability, and that meant everyone kept their job and their perks for life.†[32] Brezhnev allowed farmers to work on state own plots which motivated them to produce as much as possible in order to sell the surplus[33]. This, in theory, should have been beneficial and shows that Brezhnev was trying to improve the economy through new methods however, he was not so lucky. In 1975, the USSR suffered another poor harvest meaning Brezhnev had to increase foreign exports to keep everyone fed. This was just another disaster in Russia but Brezhnev did little to help. His aim to improve agriculture and living standards meant he neglected industry and production rates continued to rapidly fall[34]. However, arguably his biggest flaw was his inability to change the already ridged economy. Brezhnev had new ideas but couldn’t fight the system and by the end of his reign, Russia had made little improvement. Historian Dmitri Volkognov best sums up the Brezhnev period saying: â€Å"If Lenin and Stalin, and to some extent even Khrushchev, were able to enliven the moribund ideology of Communism, it was quite beyond Brezhnev†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [35]. In conclusion, between 1881 and 1982, Russia experienced much hardship especially surrounding the economy. After analyzing this one hundred year period it is hard to deny that the statement ‘Despite frequent changes in policy, Russian and Soviet governments were spectacularly unsuccessful in securing sustained economic progress in the years 1881-1992’. The economy under the Tsarist regime had its faults and during and after the 1917 revolution, it was widely believed that the country’s economic situation would improve. However, from Lenin to Stalin and Khrushchev to Brezhnev, it seemed that no leader was able to sustain a long-lasting and successful economic policy. The economy grew as quickly as it declined and it has taken many years to make any significant progress since. Therefore, this statement is valid. ________________ [1] Heinemann Advanced History: The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 [2] Agricultural Productivity Growth in Russia 1861-1913. From Inertia to Ferment by Carol. S. Leonard [3] The Penguin History of Modern Russia by Robert Service [4] www.historymadefun.co.uk/Tsarism [5] Overview from Russia and the USSR: Autocracy and Dictatorship (questions and answers in History) by Stephen. J. Lee [6] Stephen J Lee [7] http://www.slideshare.net/russeltarr/tsar-nicholas-ii-and-industry [8] The Industrialisation of Russia by M. Falkus [9] http://www.portalus.ru/modules/english_russia [10] M. Falkus [11] A2 History OCR: A Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 [12] A2 History OCR [13] S. J Lee [14] A History of the USSR [15] Penguin History of Modern Russia [16] M. Falkus [17] The Making of the Revolution, 1881-1905 [18] From Years of Russia and the USSR, 1851-1991 by Evans and Jenkins [19] Evans and Jenkins [20] The Russian Revolutions 1914-1924 [21] Evans and Jenkins [22] The USSR, Germany and the USA between the wars [23] Russia and the USSR 1905-1941 [24] The USSR, Germany and Russia between the wars [25] A Soviet view of the second five year plan from History of the USSR by Y. Kukushkin [26] Stalin and the Soviet Economy [27] European History 1848-1945 by T.A Morris [28] Everyday Life in Russia by Bertha Malnick [29] AQA A2 History Triumph and Collapse: Russia and the USSR 1941-1991 by John Laver & Sally Waller [30] Russia 1855- 1964 Flagship History by D. Murray and T. Morris [31] The Soviet Economy 1917-80 by S J Lee [32] Red Empire. The Forbidden History of the USSR by G. Hughes and S. Welfare [33] www.ibguides.com/history/notes.ccom [34] Years of Russia and the USSR, 1851-1991 [35] The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire by D.Volkognov