Vaccines And Its Effects On Children - 1339 Words

Nowadays, there are many vaccines invented by different scientists. Vaccines are so much in demand that even a simple flu has a certain vaccine. They have been invented to protect us. Its main function is to build our immune system and allow it to work against different kinds of bacteria. However instead of helping us fight against infection and certain diseases, vaccines can be the main cause of infection and diseases. Because of its live-attenuated organism, which means the pathogens were partially killed to lessen the harmful effects, it can still trigger an infection particularly with those who has a very weak immune system. Thus, vaccines should not be given to young infants because of their high risk of acquiring an infection that could eventually cause them long term effects. Rather, vaccinations should be delayed until the infant is a toddler (18 months to 3 years), and he has fully stabilized his immune system. Vaccines started since the ancient times. However, none was being recorded during that time. A practicing naturopath, osteopath and accupuncturist Leon Chaitow claim in his book Vaccination and Immunization that the first recorded vaccine was invented by Edward Jenner, who is the father of immunology. He developed the first vaccine, which is the smallpox vaccine, by exposing the person to the cowpox bacteria. Jenner discovered that the body could develop its own protection from the disease once it is exposed to the little amount of the microorganism. ThisShow MoreRelatedVaccines And Its Effects On Children1404 Words   |  6 Pagesadverse reactions from the vaccines? Today, there are many vaccines, they are in such high demand that even a simple flu has a vaccine. Vaccines are created to protect us. The main function of vaccines it to build our immune system and fight against many bacterias. However, adverse reactions have become severe over the last couple of years, leaving some parents with no child. Therefore, parents shouldn’t be punished for not vaccinating their children because, vaccines can cause many adverse reactionsRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1503 Words   |  7 Pagesawful diseases, while that is the last thing on most of the world’s minds now. Vaccines have transformed human life. Parents should vaccinate their children because it saves lives, the vaccines are safe, and the risks of not vaccinating can harm children more than the vaccines themselves. Vaccines were created in 1796 by Edward Jenner, an English scientist. Edward Jenner formed the Royal Jennerian Institute when vaccines became more popular, but experienced some opposition towards it because of peopleRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1010 Words   |  5 PagesVaccines Debates have risen lately whether or not to vaccinate children. Although vaccines potentially cause negative side effects, they are a common procedure for most families each year. Over time, several case studies have developed highlighting these side effects and raised concern about whether or not to accept vaccines. However, many people are not familiar with the typical vaccine and what it actually does once inside the body. â€Å"A vaccine is consisted of killed or weakened versions of aRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1325 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines are essential to a person’s everyday life and well-being. A person who sneezed in their hand just touched the same door handle that everyone else does. Most people don’t worry that they touched the same item or breathe the same air as someone else because the risk of them contracting a disease such as polio, or diphtheria are extremely low because most people are vaccinated against such diseases. Without the creation of vaccines the population of the world could be completely eliminatedRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1400 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines have changed the life of children with making some illnesses obsolete. The majority of parents are making sure that their children get vaccinated against potentially serious diseases. The parents that get their children vaccinated are trying to prevent the reoccurrence of these deadly illnesses. The problem arises when you have these children that have not been vaccinated around children not of age to get the vaccine for a particular disease. The older children get the disease and giveRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1463 Words   |  6 Pagesnot until 1796 when Edward Jenner revolutionized medical technology, with the first record of vaccines. Vaccines have diminished these diseases going from very common to little or none. Setting requirements on vaccines will not assist the reduction or eliminate them, but will also protect our youth from the wide-spread variety of deadly diseases. Multiple individuals do not truly understand what vaccines are and their true benefits and advantages of receiving them. When an individual gets ill,Read MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children914 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines have saved millions of lives since they were first invented hundreds of years ago. But, they continue be a much debated topic among doctors and parents. Their benefits are often disputed because of so-called dangers related to their administration. Although vaccines are extremely effective, parents still have the power to decide if their children will receive them or not. As a result of parents choosing to not vaccinate their children, others may become ill and government spending increasesRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children992 Words   |  4 Pages Vaccines, while known as the painful occurrence at the physicians visits of your childhood, are responsible for eradicating many of the deathly diseases of the past. While no child likes being stuck wi th a needle, guaranteed immunity to certain life altering diseases is worth the slight prick. Recent movements regarding vaccines has shed a negative light on vaccines, and if they continue to grow attention, may bring back some of the diseases that were the initial issue. Vaccines are a very helpfulRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines And Its Effect On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Vaccines Having a baby utterly changes the perspective of the parent. They no longer are self- involved, but now have this new life they brought into the world. Nothing else can give a person the same joy that being a parent can bring. A parent would do anything for their child to protect them and give them the best life imaginable. A parent would never wish an illness upon their child and would do everything in their power to prevent their child from getting sick. With havingRead MoreChildhood Vaccines And Its Effects On Children1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed and debated about whether or not people should vaccinate their children. â€Å"Childhood vaccines offer protection from serious or potentially fatal diseases† (The Mayo Clinic, 2014)†. Vaccinations prevent diseases that can affect a child with symptoms of a cold or in some cases, the disease can be much more serious and can cause disability and death. The problem is that parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children against them. With choosing against vaccinating a child becoming a common

The Treatment of Women Murderers Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3149 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Tags: Women Essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Female defendants are processed within the criminal justice system in accordance with the crimes which they committed and the extent to which the commission of the act and its nature deviate from appropriate female behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Susan Edwards, Women on Trial (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) p.213. Critically discuss the above statement, with particular reference to women who kill. It is abundantly clear that there is a contrast in the way the criminal justice system treats male and female defendants. Great importance is placed on the extent to which the female perpetrators act deviates from what is considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"appropriate female behaviour.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The same cannot be said for men, when a male commits homicide there is no generic gendered stereotype that causes this crime to be surprising for the prosecution, or that provides the male with an exclusive list of qualities which he is presumed to p ossess. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Treatment of Women Murderers Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Considering women as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“perpetrators of violence is a relatively rare phenomenon,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] whereas when a man commits a crime one could suggest that the act is taken prima facie by the court and is not engulfed by a deeper context and a requirement for further explanation, as is the case with women, especially those who kill. It is due to this apparent need by the criminal justice system to delve further into the reasoning behind an act of homicide committed by a female, that I aim to explore the fact that the extent to which a female deviates from the gender appropriate stereotype affects the way she is processed within the criminal justice system. Recent statistics show that the number of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“women in prison or on parole has increased threefold.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2]It has been proposed that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increase in female offending seen in recent years is attributable to women adopting more masculine traits and behaviours.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3]T here is an ample amount of evidence that masculinity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is a salient aspect of the criminal stereotype.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4]However, I believe that the traditional female stereotype is a somewhat archaic notion as societal progression has engendered equality for women. Traditionally there was a clear archetype of what a woman should be and how she should act. Hilaire Barnett stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“women are the bearers of children, the nurturers of children, the homemakers and (unpaid) home keepers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] One could question whether this is entirely relevant in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society; women are now more self sufficient and independent from men and many choose to pursue a career before having a family. Thus, I pose the idea that this equality should be carried through to the courtroom. Although the feminist movement has been successful in creating equal perceptions of women and men, it is clear that this equality has not fully transgressed into the court room. It is apparent that in order for a woman to benefit from a more lenient sentence they must adhere to gender appropriate behaviour. Sharon Hays stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“motherhood is the ultimate fulfilment of a woman; it is a natural and necessary experience for all women.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] The fact that women are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supposedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to have a caring and nurturing persona makes it all the more shocking within the criminal justice system when they commit a crime, especially murder. Whereas a man is sentenced based on the act itself, it appears that a woman is sentenced based on the extent to which her act deviates from what is deemed appropriate for a female, almost as if the womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character and her conformity to appropriate feminine behaviour is on trial rather than her criminal actions. One could view it as rather arbitrary that women who fit the gendered ideal a treated more leniently than those who do not. This is promin ent in the cases of Ana Cardona and Maria Perez. These women did not fit the typical female stereotype and the prosecution highlighted this. During the sentencing of Maria Perez, the prosecution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“attempted to defeminise her by highlighting her lesbian sexual orientation, portraying her dress and demeanour as manly.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] Ana Cardona was also perceived as having a more masculine appearance, it is clear that a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s correspondence with feminine traits plays an important role in the prosecution and judgement of their guilt. The discrepancy in the way female defendants are processed within the criminal justice system as opposed to men can be observed by looking at the judges sentencing remarks in the case of R v Philpott, Mairead Philpott and Paul Moseley.[8] Upon reading the judgment of Michael Philpott in comparison with his wife Mairead Philpott it is clear that the judges have varying focuses whilst sentencing the male and female defe ndants. During the sentencing of Michael Philpott the judges focused on his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“callous selfishnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] of the crime itself and labelled him a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“disturbingly dangerous man.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] Whereas upon delivering the judgment to Mairead the judges concentrated on her role as a mother and how she could possibly put her children through the traumatic ordeal and how frightened the children must have been. Traditionally and stereotypically a women should be seen as a homemaker and loving and doting mother who places her children above anything, the prosecution placed emphasis on Maireadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s deviation from the gendered ideal by stating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“you put Michael Philpott above your children and as a result they have died.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11]These sentencing remarks depict the stark difference in how men and women are assumed to act. Although the crimes were the same from the two defendants a further emphasis of guilt was place d on Mairead due to her apparent failure as a mother. As aforementioned, the extent to which a female defendant deviates from what is believed to be appropriate female behaviour plays an important role in the prosecution. This can be observed through scrutiny of legal discourse within the courtroom which undoubtedly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“participates in this construction of sexual difference, producing fixed notions of the sexed body.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12] It is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“evident that the dialogue in the trial of Rose West maintained the distinction of male and female by problematising atypical female behaviour.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13] Although West committed the crimes in conjunction with her husband, more focus was placed on her deviant sexuality throughout the hearing. Siobhan Weare depicts that the judge drew seemingly irrelevant attention to the fact that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“she possessed a collection of dildos, rubber underwear and pornographic videosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Weare states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“this collection of sex toys was depicted as solely belonging to Rose, despite the fact that it could have just as easily belonged to both her and her husband.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [14] This information had little legal relevance and the fact the judges placed emphasis on the matter shows that the prosecution wanted to accentuate her sexual depravity, in a way that they did not with Fred. The court drew attention to the ways Rose strayed from what is traditionally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"acceptableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for a woman such as her sexual depravity and perversion, instead of purely focusing on the horrific crimes she executed. Even though an aim for sexual equality is at the forefront of society, this does not appear to be the case within the courtroom. From a feminist perspective, one could suggest that the defendants should have been tried in accordance with their crimes and without the further focus on Roseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sexual endeavours rather than Fredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ „ ¢s purely due to her gender. Women who kill after suffering from domestic violence, namely battered women are of particular relevance when exploring how women are treated in the criminal justice system. It has been suggested that battered women are more readily allowed such a defence if they are seen to be adhering to the female stereotype and feminine traits of helplessness and coercion. Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) was developed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“help establish the reasonableness of homicide by battered women.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [15]One could propose that women are not treated in accordance with the crimes they commit as if they meet the female stereotype; this gendered ideal could allow them a more lenient sentence. If a women is claiming to have killed due to suffering from domestic abuse , it would be entirely in her favour if she lives up to the traditional female stereotype in order to be granted the defence of BWS. Kathleen Ferraro stated that a woman possessing à ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã…“assertiveness, strength and an outgoing personality are inconsistent with being a battered woman.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] After the Coroners and Justice Act 2009[17] women who use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“evidence of BWS to support a plea of diminished responsibility will be labelled as mad.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [18] Equality within the court room could be seen as finally blooming due to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"loss of controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ being implemented as a new partial defence to murder. Traditionally women were only seen as victims of crime and not perpetrators, thus were rarely sentenced in accordance with the crimes they committed as it was believed that the crime must be the result of a mental issue. However, now the idea exists that women can be perpetrators because they are victims. Those women who show no signs of being a victim within their crime are deemed to be extremely far from the female stereotype and thus are sentenced more harshly. If a woman presents themselves as sufficiently à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"batteredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in court, they are conforming to the feminine ideal of helplessness and that of a victim. It seems rather unjust that in order for a woman to stand a higher chance of being granted the defence of BWS they must fit certain aesthetic and personality criteria. A woman may not naturally fit this ideal but still be a victim of domestic violence who was pushed into committing homicide. Ideally all crimes would be taken based on the actual act; unfortunately this is not case. This is a key difference in the extent to which men and women are sentenced in accordance to their crimes. The Infanticide Act 1938[19] was the result of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a policy decision to promote leniency for women who kill their own children.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20]As predominant focus when sentencing women is the mental side of the crime, infanticide allows women a defence to the murder of a child due to lack of mental reasoning rather than focusing on the act she actually committed. If a man was to kill a child the same would not be an option. I fully appreciate that there exists a clinically diagnosed mental issue of puerperal psychosis where a woman kills a child. However, many women are able to claim this defence when it is not fully proven that they are suffering from any form of medically diagnosed psychosis. In giving the label of victim to female killers denies their agency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by portraying them as so profoundly victimised that is difficult to regard them as ever having engaged in an intentional act in their lives.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [21] Thus, one could argue that the focus on a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental capacity allows for them to be treated more leniently within the criminal justice system as opposed to men, who are punished in accordance with the crime they commit without any need to find further explanation. The defences of BWS and Infanticide annotate women as victims or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There is an overemphasis on the mental reasoning of women who commit crime. A woman is painted more as a victim of external influences that caused her to commit a crime rather than a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cold blooded killerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. A further explanation as to the reasons women commit crimes is sought. Justice Minister Helen Grant stated that women within the prison populations are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“more likely to have been abused as children.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [22] Traditional criminological theory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“historically tended to view women as driven to crime because of biological influences, whereas men were viewed as turning to crime due to economic or sociological forces.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [23] This insistence on delivering excuses for women who commit crimes and especially women who kill, so long as they meet the female stereotype denies women from being solely sentenced in accordance with the crime they committed in the same way that male perpetrators are. Females who commit homicide are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“described with respect to personality style and behaviour patterns.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [24]However, in the society in which we live one could suggest that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“men and women are equally likely to suffer from complex mental issues.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [25]The Freudian notion that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“men are rationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [26] and that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“women are driven by their biological constitutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [27] is obviously outdated. Evidence suggests that legally this is not as willingly acknowledged as defences relating to mental issues are more associated with women. In the 21st century men and women are deemed more or less equally in mental and physical capabilities, a higher level of equality exists within the work place and within relationships than ever before. Thus, I believe that the criminal justice system is perhaps a little backward in its placement of women in respect to them committing crimes; one could propose that it is almost obsolet e to suggest that women cannot be the perpetrators of crime. Women are leaving the antiquated notion and definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"femininityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behind, such as that of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"homemakerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nurturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. However, the way women are treated by the criminal justice system is discrepant to how the rest of society views them. It is an inarguable statistical truth that more men commit crimes than women, yet it is clear from the plethora of cases that support my argument that the court sentences women in an entirely different way than it does men, to the extent that they are not sentenced in accordance with the crime that was committed. However, are sentenced in accordance with how closely they match the traditional gendered stereotype. Helen Gavin stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“women who kill multiple times are guilty not just of serial murder, but of being women who step outside of the persona that society creates for them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [28]The current system benefits those women who fit this stereotypical female persona. For those women who do not meet the desired criteria or expectations are sentenced more harshly. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"double devianceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of firstly deviating from the law in committing the crime and secondly deviating from the female stereotype, could end in double jeopardy for the defendant. Within the criminal justice system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“aberrant femininity is constructed as evil.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [29]However, instead of focusing on the fact that a woman has not acted in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"correctà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ womanly way, the focus should be shifted to ensure women are sentenced in accordance with the crime they have committed, not punished more harshly or conversely more leniently simply because they are a women. As explored, gender plays an astoundingly critical role within the criminal justice system. Instead of being sentenced in accordance wit h the perpetrated crime, one agrees with latter half of Susan Edwards statement that a woman is sentenced in regards to the extent of which her crime deviates from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“appropriate female behaviour.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [30] During the sentencing of women who do not fit the gender stereotype focus is placed on seemingly irrelevant matters of their identity and/or sexual orientation and how this deviates from what is considered acceptable of a woman. If the prosecution successfully portray a woman as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anti motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as sexually predatory, or as domineering is unlikely to receive mercy, only the wrath of the criminal justice system.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [31] One suggests a lack of absurdity in proposing that women are just as capable of committing homicide as men. Throughout sentencing a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental state is discussed to a much higher extent than mens, describing women as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"neuroticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for committing crimes is old-fashioned, the equality that women enjoy in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society should transpire into the courtroom, thus ensuring they are sentenced in accordance with their crimes. Word Count: 2,500 Bibliography: Demody Leonard E. (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Convicted Survivors: the Imprisonment of Battered Women Who Killà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Net Library p.9 Winter J. (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Truth Will Out? The Role of Judicial Advocacy and Gender in Verdict Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Social and Legal Studies p. 358 Gavin H. (2013) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Evil or Insane? The Female Serial Killer and her Doubly Deviant Femininityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ University of Huddersfield Repository p. 13 Belknapp J. (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The invisible Woman: Gender Crime and Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc p. 26 Cole K. E. (1968) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Women Who Kill, A Sociopsychological Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Arch Gen Psychiatry p. 1 Weare S. (2013) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Gendered Constructions of Women Who Kill Within the Criminal Justice Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Laws p. 338 Oggle R and Maier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Katkin D. (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Rationale for Infanticide Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Criminal Law Review p. 903 Ward C, Flowe H and Humphries J. (2012) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guiltà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Applied Cognitive Psychology p. 482 Barnett H. (1998) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Cavendish Publishing Limited p. 43 Chesney-Lind M and Pasko L J. (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Sage Publications p. 139 Edwards S. (1984) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Women on Trialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Manchester University Press p. 213 We bsites: Fogg A. (2013) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Yes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Reduce Prison Sentences But Not Just For Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/26/prison-changes-women Date accessed 3rd January 2015 R v Philpott, Philpott and Moseley, Sentencing Remarks, https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/r-v-philpott-philpott-and-mosley-sentencing-remarks.pdf Date accessed 2nd January 2015 [1] Siobhan Weare, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Gendered Constructions of Women Who Kill Within the Criminal Justice Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) Laws 340 [2] Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa J Pasko, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) Sage Publications 139 [3] Charlotte Ward, Heather Flowe and Joyce Humphries, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guiltà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) Applied Cognitive Psychology 482 [4] ibid. [5] Hilaire Barnett, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1998)Cavendish Publishing Limited 43 [6] Sharon Hays 1996 [7] Charlotte Ward, Heather Flowe and Joyce Humphries, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guiltà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) Applied Cognitive Psychology 482 [ 8] R v Philpott, Mairead Philpott and Paul Moseley [2013] EWHC 773 [9] R v Philpott, Mairead Philpott and Paul Moseley, Sentencing Remarks, https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/r-v-philpott-philpott-and-mosley-sentencing-remarks.pdf accessed 2nd January 2015 [10] ibid. [11] ibid. [12] Jo Winter, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Truth Will Out? The Role of Judicial Advocacy and Gender in Verdict Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) Social and Legal Studies 354 [13]ibid at 355 [14] Siobhan Weare, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Gendered Constructions of Women Who Kill Within the Criminal Justice Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) Laws 348 [15] ibid at 338 [16] ibid. [17] Coroners and Justice Act 2009 [18] Siobhan Weare, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Th e Victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Gendered Constructions of Women Who Kill Within the Criminal Justice Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) Laws 339 [19] Infanticide Act 1938 [20] Robbin Oggle and Daniel Maier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Katkin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Rationale for Infanticide Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1993) Criminal Law Review 903 [21] Siobhan Weare, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Madà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Gendered Constructions of Women Who Kill Within the Criminal Justice Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) Laws 338 [22]Ally Fogg, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Yes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Reduce Prison Sentencing, But Not Just For Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/26/prison-changes-women accessed 3rd January 2015 [23] Joanne Belknapp, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The invisible Woman: Gender Crime and Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc 26 [24] K.E. Cole, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Women Who Kill, A Sociopsychological Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1968) Arch Gen Psychiatry 1 [25] Ally Fogg, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Yes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Reduce Prison Sentencing, But Not Just For Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/26/prison-changes-women accessed 3rd January 2015 [26] Joanne Belknapp, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The invisible Woman: Gender Crime and Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc 26 [27] ibid. [28] Helen Gavin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Evil or Insane? The Female Serial Killer and her Doubly Deviant Femininityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) University of Huddersfield Repository 13 [29] ibid. [30] Susan Edwards, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Women on Trialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1984) Manchester University Press 213 [31] Jo Winter, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Truth Will Out? The Role of Judicial Advocacy and Gender in Verdict Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) Social and Legal Studies 358

Humn410 Final Exam Essay - 2059 Words

Top of Form |1. (TCO 1, 2) Analyze how nationalism and militarism contributed to the outbreak of World War I. | | | |Use historical examples to support your answer. | | | |Of the various causes of World War I, which do you think was the most important and why? (Points: 40) | |†¦show more content†¦(TCO 10) Match the terms in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. (Points: 18) | |[pic] | |Matching: | |Answer | | | |Potential Matches: | | | |[pic]: liberation theology | | | |1: populist president of Argentina during the 1940s and

Is Mathematics Invented or Dis Essay Example For Students

Is Mathematics Invented or Dis Essay Mathematics is of key importance to most aspects of modern life. Due to the great diversity and nature of mathematics it is a subject that is hard to define. Over the years great mathematicians have given there own definitions of mathematics. In general we can define it as a group of related sciences, including algebra, geometry, and calculus, concerned with the study of number, quantity, shape and space and there interrelationships using a specialized notation. Maths has often been described as the language of science because it is often used by scientists to express new theories. Unlike science though, maths is based on a set of axioms and postulates and not on experimentation or observation. Axioms and postulates are statements that are assumed to be true without being proven. For example the whole is greater than the part. An axiom is a statement common to all sciences whereas a postulate is a statement peculiar to the particular science being studied. Other statements or theore ms must be logically implied by the set of postulates and axioms. The theorem is considered valid if it is consistent with itself and the mathematical system that it is a part and does not create any contradictions within the system. If something is mathimatically true it just means that it is valid. Mathematics can be divided into two main areas, Pure mathematics and Applied mathematics. Applied mathematicians concern themselves with maths that can be applied to the real world like engineering. To consider a theorem true it must work in the outside world. Pure mathematicians are concerned with abstract ideas and the logical process that is taken to prove these ideas. Absolute certainty of results in pure maths comes from developing theorems from axioms by logical analysis. There is disagreement between mathematicians over the relationship between maths and reality and whether mathematical objects are real. There are three different groups that have oposing ideas on the subject. One , the Platonist, says that mathematical objects are real and exist independent of our knowledge of them. So mathematicians discover mathematical theories and formulas. Formalists on the other hand argue that there are no mathematical objects and that mathematicians just create them. Constructivists disagree with both and say that genuine mathematics is only what can be obtained by a finite construction. The set of real numbers or any other infinite set cannot be obtained. We will write a custom essay on Is Mathematics Invented or Dis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to formalism mathematics consists of axiom postulates and formulas, but they are not about anything. When the formulas or theories are applied to the physical world then they acquire meaning and can either be true or false. But by itself as a purely mathematical formula it has no real meaning or truth value. To a formalist there is no real number system, except as we choose to create it by creating the appropriate axioms to describe it. The mathematician is free to change it for whatever reason but neither system will correspond better to reality than the other because there is no reality. A good example of this argument is the study of geometry. For years Euclidean geometry was thought to describe the world around us. This was until the 1830s when Bernhard Riemann and Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky with Janos Bolyai developed two new geometric systems. They did this by changing Euclids fifth postulate about parallel lines and then making all new deductions based on the new set of axioms. Both geometries were just as valid as Euclids and so would any other as long as it was consistent and did not lead to any contradiction within its set of axioms and postulates. It was now apparent that there were almost an infinite number of geometric systems. It was also unclear which geometry described the outside world. .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d , .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .postImageUrl , .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d , .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:hover , .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:visited , .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:active { border:0!important; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:active , .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u09034673cb06ecf7e1ce35b22c13435d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Katyn and Vinnytsia EssayA formalists view towards pure maths is that it is just a meaningless game where mathematicians never know what they are talking about or what they are saying is true. In many ways this is true, but pure maths has also been shown to have practical applications. The ancient Greeks for example described the ellipse and the parabola. Galileo found the parabola to be the path of projectiles and Kepler used the ellipse to describe planetary orbits. Boolean algebra was used in computers and circuitry and in his theory of relativity Einstein used an obscure branch of mathematics called tensor calculus, developed five years earlier by G.Ricci and Tulio Lev i-Civita. How is it that theories developed with no consideration of any practical purposes can be found years later to be perfect in describing a new scientific theory or application? To a Platonist the only explanation for this is that all maths is empirical and has and always will exist whether we discover it or not, the mathematician cannot invent anything because it is all there. From this point of view all branches of maths can be considered applied maths we just havent discovered yet how it applies to the real world. Whether mathematics is invented or discovered is an impossible question to answer because it is impossible to prove or disprove and it will probably remain so no matter how far our mathematical knowledge advances in the future. There will always be maths that can be applied to the physical world and maths that seems to be just made up by someone. Though there is evidence to support both the Formalists and the Platonists neither can be absolutely sure the other is wrong. Maybe both are right. Does it really matter? Whether maths is real or just a product of our imaginations it will continue to be developed and applied to different areas of our lives and maybe one day we will come close to answering this question.